- 版本说明:5.1.3-RELEASE
MVC简介
我们开门见山,首先要明确MVC是一种设计思想,它的目的是使明确各个模块之间自己的职责,进而达成解耦的效果,M代表着Model层,顾名思义这一层包含着各种各样的模型,例如数据模型,业务模型等等,我们通常开发的Service属于这一层;V代表是View层,这一层是视图层,即渲染展现给用户的各种页面;而C则代表着Controller层,这一层是Model跟View层之间的桥梁,它将请求转发给对应的Model,并将Model层处理的结果返回给View层。
MVC实现
只要一提到MVC,人们往往就会脱口而出SpringMVC;但是MVC跟SpringMVC还是有区别的,MVC是一种设计思想;而SpringMVC是一个被我们熟知且广泛使用的一个实现MVC的框架;还有一个常用的MVC框架Struts你可能也比较熟悉;Struts比SpringMVC出现更早,起初有较大的市场份额,但随着SpringMVC的横空出世以及时间的推移,Struts的份额逐年减少,SpringMVC的份额则日益领先;本文将着重针对SpringMVC进行介绍。
DispatcherServlet
知道了MVC的前世今生,我们开始了解SpringMVC,在SpringMVC中有一个核心便是DispatcherServlet,如果一个人的简历是写着熟悉SpringMVC,而对于DispatcherServlet一问三不知,那么这个人显然是不合格的。以下是DispatcherServlet的类图:
梳理清楚类图以后,我这里提出一些问题大家思考一下,你了解Servlet的生命周期么?Servlet跟DispatcherServlet有什么关系?又有什么区别?
Servlet的生命周期
首先,我们来了解Servlet的生命周期,先看看Servlet的代码:
public interface Servlet {
/**初始化**/
void init(ServletConfig var1) throws ServletException;
.....
/**处理请求**/
void service(ServletRequest var1, ServletResponse var2) throws ServletException, IOException;
.....
/**销毁**/
void destroy();
}
Servlet的生命周期:
0.首先创建Servlet实例
1.其次调用Servlet.init(),完成初始化,在一个Servlet的生命周期中init方法只会被执行一次,无论用户执行多少请求,都不会再次调用init方法;
2.业务的实际处理是Servlet.service()执行的;所以每一次请求的处理,最终都会有service方法执行处理,所以这个方法可以被多次调用;
3.Servlet对象的销毁时调用Servlet.destroy()方法,同样的这个方法也只会被调用一次。而HttpServlet是Servlet的一个实现,在调用service方法时,会根据具体的请求类型,调用具体的protected方法,doGet,doPost,doHead等。
DispatcherServlet工作流程
知道了Servlet的生命周期以及处理流程我们一起来看看,身为Servlet子类的DispatcherServlet是如何工作的?
我们在DispatcherServlet中并没有如愿的找到service方法,却找到了doService方法,在其父类FrameworkServlet中发现了service(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)。
/**重写父类service方法**/
@Override
protected void service(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
HttpMethod httpMethod = HttpMethod.resolve(request.getMethod());
if (httpMethod == HttpMethod.PATCH || httpMethod == null) {
processRequest(request, response);
}
else {
super.service(request, response);
}
}
/**处理get请求**/
protected final void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.processRequest(request, response);
}
/**处理post请求**/
protected final void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.processRequest(request, response);
}
..... 省略部分代码
/**处理请求**/
protected final void processRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
.....
this.doService(request, response);
.....
}
..... 省略部分代码
/**抽象方法doService**/
protected abstract void doService(HttpServletRequest var1, HttpServletResponse var2) throws Exception;
在FrameworkServlet的service方法中,在HttpMethod不等于PATCH且不等于空的情况下调用了父类的 service方法,而父类的service方法又会根据请求类型调用具体的doGet或者doPost等方法,FrameworkServlet的doGet等方法会将请求送到processRequest方法中,所以FrameworkServlet及其子类请求都在processRequest处理,该方法在处理时会调用冲向方法doService,所以DispatcherServlet处理的核心便是我们之前看到的doService方法;
细心的你,也许会指出service方法的请求参数变成HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse而不是ServletRequest,ServletResponse;原因是HttpServlet在实现service方式时,对service方法进行了重载,代码细节如下:
public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException {
HttpServletRequest request;
HttpServletResponse response;
try {
request = (HttpServletRequest)req;
response = (HttpServletResponse)res;
} catch (ClassCastException var6) {
throw new ServletException("non-HTTP request or response");
}
/**调用重载的service方法**/
this.service(request, response);
}
重载后方法的参数,便成为了HttpServletXX,而FrameworkServlet又继承自HttpServlet的子类HttpServletBean, 所以直到DispatcherServlet这一子类,以下是一张时序图帮你梳理这个过程:
doService方法其身
/**声明成员变量**/
private List<HandlerMapping> handlerMappings;
private List<HandlerAdapter> handlerAdapters;
private List<HandlerExceptionResolver> handlerExceptionResolvers;
private List<ViewResolver> viewResolvers;
/**Spring容器初始化Bean时会调用**/
protected void onRefresh(ApplicationContext context) {
this.initStrategies(context);
}
/**初始化handlerMappings,handlerAdapters,viewResolvers等**/
protected void initStrategies(ApplicationContext context) {
this.initMultipartResolver(context);
this.initLocaleResolver(context);
this.initThemeResolver(context);
this.initHandlerMappings(context);
this.initHandlerAdapters(context);
this.initHandlerExceptionResolvers(context);
this.initRequestToViewNameTranslator(context);
this.initViewResolvers(context);
this.initFlashMapManager(context);
}
/**父类调用doService方法**/
protected void doService(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
.....
this.doDispatch(request, response);
.....
}
.....
/**doDispatch过程**/
protected void doDispatch(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler = null;
...
ModelAndView mv = null;
...
/**为当前请求确定处理器Handler**/
mappedHandler = this.getHandler(processedRequest);
...
/**为当前请求确定处理适配器HandlerAdapter**/
HandlerAdapter ha=this.getHandlerAdapter(mappedHandler.getHandler());
...
/**处理preInterceptor*/
if (!mappedHandler.applyPreHandle(processedRequest, response)) {
return;
}
/**实际调用处理器**/
mv = ha.handle(processedRequest,response,mappedHandler.getHandler());
...
/**处理postInterceptor*/
mappedHandler.applyPostHandle(processedRequest, response, mv);
...
/**处理dispatch结果**/
this.processDispatchResult(processedRequest, response,
mappedHandler, mv, (Exception)dispatchException);
}
梳理处理流程:
1.doService方法调用doDispatch()
2.doDispatch方法先根据请求获取处理器Handler,getHandler();
3.再根据Handler获取具体的处理适配器HandlerAdapter,getHandlerAdapter()
4.HandlerAdapter调用handle方法处理请求,返回ModelAndView,ha.handle()
5.最后处理dispatchResult,this.processDispatchResult()
根据请求获取相应的getHandler()
/**根据请求获取Handler**/
@Nullable
protected HandlerExecutionChain getHandler(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
if (this.handlerMappings != null) {
for (HandlerMapping mapping : this.handlerMappings) {
HandlerExecutionChain handler = mapping.getHandler(request);
if (handler != null) {
return handler;
}
}
}
return null;
}
根据Handler获取具体的处理适配器getHandlerAdapter()
protected HandlerAdapter getHandlerAdapter(Object handler) throws ServletException {
if (this.handlerAdapters != null) {
for (HandlerAdapter adapter : this.handlerAdapters) {
if (adapter.supports(handler)) {
return adapter;
}
}
}
throw new ServletException("No adapter for handler [" + handler +
"]: The DispatcherServlet configuration needs to include a HandlerAdapter that supports this handler");
}
HandlerAdapter调用handle方法(Handler章节详述),最后处理dispatchResult
private void processDispatchResult(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
@Nullable HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler, @Nullable ModelAndView mv,
@Nullable Exception exception) throws Exception {
boolean errorView = false;
/**如果异常不为空,处理异常**/
if (exception != null) {
if (exception instanceof ModelAndViewDefiningException) {
logger.debug("ModelAndViewDefiningException encountered", exception);
mv = ((ModelAndViewDefiningException) exception).getModelAndView();
}
else {
Object handler = (mappedHandler != null ? mappedHandler.getHandler() : null);
mv = processHandlerException(request, response, handler, exception);
errorView = (mv != null);
}
}
// 确定是否渲染视图
if (mv != null && !mv.wasCleared()) {
/**渲染视图**/
render(mv, request, response);
if (errorView) {
WebUtils.clearErrorRequestAttributes(request);
}
}else {
if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
logger.trace("No view rendering, null ModelAndView returned.");
}
}
if (WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request).isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
return;
}
if (mappedHandler != null) {
/**处理后置Interceptor 渲染之后**/
mappedHandler.triggerAfterCompletion(request, response, null);
}
}
处理结果,根据具体情况判断是否渲染视图,以下是渲染视图的流程
/**渲染视图**/
protected void render(ModelAndView mv, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
View view;
.....
view = this.resolveViewName(mv.getViewName(), mv.getModelInternal(), locale, request);
.....
view.render(mv.getModelInternal(), request, response);
}
/**viewReslover根据viewName处理view**/
protected View resolveViewName(String viewName, @Nullable Map<String, Object> model,
Locale locale, HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
if (this.viewResolvers != null) {
for (ViewResolver viewResolver : this.viewResolvers) {
View view = viewResolver.resolveViewName(viewName, locale);
if (view != null) {
return view;
}
}
}
return null;
}
以上便是DispatchServlet处理请求的过程,我们一起整理一下:
1.首先DispatcherServlet是Servlet子类,父类HttpServlet调用service方法
2.父类service方法根据请求类型调用子类FrameworkServlet具体的doGet,doPost等方法
3.子类FrameworkServlet的doGet,doPost等方法中调用processRequest方法
4.processRequest调用目标类 DispatcherServlet的doService方法
5.doService调用doDispatch方法
6.doDispatch开始顺序调用getHandler方法,调用getHandlerAdapter方法,adapter再调用handle方法返回ModelAndView,最终调用processDispatchResult处理结果
7.processDispatchResult 调用render方法渲染视图,在render方法中viewResvloer根据viewName找到对应的view
总结
首先得明确Servlet的生命周期,了解DispatchServlet的继承关系,找到请求的入口。
其次输出DispatchServlet内部的核心成员变量,以及如何利用这些成员变量处理请求的流程,这样你便可以将整个流程了然于心。