——选自Startups & Venture Capital 网站（吉玛译）

Two modern-day business titans — Ray Dalio and Charlie Munger — have a lot in common. They run massive billion dollar businesses. They’ve constantly adapted and evolved to achieve their own definitions of success. But what I admire most about Ray and Charlie?

两个现代的商业巨头--雷·戴利奥和查理·芒格--有很多相似之处。他们经营着数十亿美元的生意。他们不断地适应和发展，以达到自己定义的成功。但我最欣赏雷和查理的什么呢?

They thoughtfully share the keys to their success in the form of helping others to think objectively, make decisions, and acquire knowledge.

他们用心地分享成功秘诀，以帮助他人客观思考，做决定，获得知识。

Even more impressive, you’ll notice that their methods of thinking yield different perspectives that arrive at the same conclusions. If these well-respected businessmen operate on similar principles and can derive their success from these principles, it’s worth paying attention. Here are two major areas of operating that Charlie and Ray both agree on, yet provide different perspectives on.

更令人印象深刻的是，你会注意到他们的思维方式不同，视角不同，但是得出了同样的结论。如果这些德高望重的商人遵循类似的原则，并能从这些原则中获得成功，那就值得注意了。查理和雷都同意以下两个主要的做法，但是提供不同的视角。

Open mindedness

思想开明

From his book “Principles”, Ray Dalio states that one of his ways to live and work is with radical open mindedness. Radical open-mindedness means genuinely trying to understand other perspectives other than your own, and trying to be sure that your thinking is logical and correct. Ray states that being radically open minded doesn’t mean you automatically agree with an opinion contrary to yours — rather, it means understanding the steps that someone else took to arrive at their conclusion. As he says, in an argument or debate, one person is always wrong — don’t you want to make sure that this isn’t you?

雷·戴利奥在其《原则》一书中指出，他生活和工作的方式之一就是激进地开放思想。激进的开放思想意味着真正地尝试去理解别人的观点，而不是你自己的观点，并试图确保你的思维是合理的和正确的。雷认为，思维完全开放并不意味着你会自动同意与你相反的观点——相反，它意味着理解别人为得出结论而采取的步骤。就像他说的，在辩论中，一个人总是错的——难道你确保这不是你吗?

Charlie Munger also has his own model of radical open-mindedness. A key piece of this: knowing when you’re wrong or when you do not have sound logic, and finding others who might be able to assist you in uncovering the answer. In terms of open mindedness, Charlie discusses starting with discovering your own Circle Of Competence. This Circle of Competence refers to where you know you have expertise in something and can have an opinion — outside of this circle is where you need to be open minded and understand other perspectives from those whom you might disagree with, but who might be operating in their own Circle of Competence. He says that you need to be willing to say — “I don’t know.” For example, if you weren’t a physicist, you wouldn’t tell one that his theory on quantum mechanics was wrong — you’d be operating outside of your Circle of Competence and encroaching on someone else’s. Munger views this as dangerous thinking, and the absolute antithesis of open-mindedness.

查理•芒格也有属于自己的激进开放思想模式。其中一个关键部分是:知道你什么时候错了或者什么时候你没有合理的逻辑，找到其他可能帮助你解开答案的人。从思想开放的角度来看，查理从发现你自己的能力范围开始讨论。能力范围指的是,你知道你有专长,可以对其有一定的看法——在你能力范围以外，你需要开放思想和理解那些你可能会不同意的其他人的观点,但确是在他们能力范围之内。他说你需要愿意说“我不知道”。例如，如果你不是一个物理学家，你就不会告诉他人的量子力学理论是错误的——你可以在你的能力范围之外操作，并侵入别人的领域。芒格认为这是一种危险的思维方式，与开放思想的绝对对立。

Understanding Reality and Truth

理解现实和真理

Both Dalio and Munger emphasize the absolute importance of understanding reality and acting accordingly. One of my favorite ideas from Dalio is that you should look at reality how it truly is, not how you think it “should” be. Most of us (myself included) distort reality through our own subjective lenses. We see what we want to see, with objectivity and truth clouded out by emotion or closed-mindedness. Once you can get past this mental hump of trying to mold your reality to how YOU see fit, you’ll be able to make better decisions and think more clearly with accurate information.

戴利奥和芒格都强调认识现实和采取相应行动的绝对重要性。我最喜欢戴利奥其中的一个观点，你应该看看现实是怎样的，而不是你认为它应该是什么。我们大多数人(包括我在内)都通过自己的主观意念来扭曲现实。我们看到我们想看到的东西，客观和真理被情感或封闭的思想所蒙蔽。一旦你能克服这一心理上的困难，试着塑造成你认为合适的现实，你就能做出更好的决定，更清晰地思考准确的信息。

He also has interesting ideas on reality through the lens of evolution. If you can recognize that reality optimizes for the whole of nature, and not just for you within your own subjective bubble, you’ll have more success learning from nature and how it actually operates. Dalio views this ability to understand truth and think objectively as “the essential foundation for any good outcome.”

他还通过进化的视角对现实提出了有趣的想法。如果你能认识到现实是对自然界的优化，而不仅仅是在你自己的主观幻想中，你就会从自然中及其运作中获得更多的成功。戴利奥认为这种理解真理，客观思考的能力是“任何好的结果的必要基础”。

Munger also places the utmost importance on recognizing reality for making effective decisions and problem solving, but provides different methods on understanding this idea. One of the best stories / ideas from Munger revolves around the Chauffeur Test. Essentially, there are two types of knowledge: in-depth knowledge where one truly understands the subject (the expert), and surface level knowledge where one can talk on a subject but lack a deep understanding (the chauffeur). Munger discusses the importance of not only having deep knowledge, but of also understanding when you’re receiving your information from a chauffeur vs. an expert on a topic. Recognizing the difference can help you filter out useless noise when making a decision or solving a problem.

芒格认为认清事实对于做出有效的决策和解决问题是很重要的，且提供了不同的方法来理解这个观点。芒格最好的观点之一是关于司机的测试。从本质上讲，有两种类型的知识:一种是深入的知识，是真正理解主题(专家)，另一种是表面知识，可以谈论某一主题，但缺乏深入的理解(司机)。芒格不仅讨论了拥有深厚知识的重要性，而且理解从一个司机和某个话题的专家那里获得的信息。认识到这些差异可以帮助你在做决定或解决问题时过滤掉无用的信息。

In addition to training himself to recognize fake vs. real knowledge, Munger picked up all of the “big ideas from all the big disciplines and [made] them a standard part of my mental routines.” He calls this approach the multidisciplinary approach. Learning the major ideas from multiple disciplines such as investing, economics, and history, can help you recognize objective answers that other experts might miss. In Charlie’s words, “You’ll see the correct answer when he’s missed it.”

除了训练自己识别真假知识外，芒格还从所有的大学科中汲取了所有的“大思想”，并将它们作为思维习惯的标准组成部分。他将这种方法称为多学科方法。从投资、经济、历史等多个学科中学习一些重要思想，可以帮助你认识到其他专家可能会遗漏的客观答案。用查理的话说，就是“当他错过了答案的时候，你会看到正确答案。”

Conclusion

总结

Of course, Munger and Dalio both have many other excellent mental models that they use to make effective decisions and solve difficult problems. I’d recommend starting here to learn about Munger’s most used models, and read Dalio’s new book, Principles, to dive into his thought processes.

当然，芒格和戴利还有许多其他用来做出有效的决定和解决难题的优秀心智模型。我建议从学习芒格最常用的模型开始，并阅读雷·戴利奥的新书《原则》，深入他的思维过程。

However, their shared emphasis on the ideas of open-mindedness and deciphering reality provide the foundation for the rest of their mental models, thought processes, and decision making frameworks to sit upon. Without the mastery of these two essential skills, they wouldn’t have the monumental success that they enjoy today.

然而，他们共同强调开放思想和解密现实，为他们的心智模型、思维过程和决策框架提供了基础。如果不掌握这两项基本技能，他们就不会取得今天所享受的巨大成功。

Link:How To Improve Your Thinking: Charlie Munger vs. Ray Dalio