本文基于golang 1.10版本分析。
slice 结构
slice实际就是一个struct,在runtime/slice.go中的定义如下:
type slice struct {
array unsafe.Pointer
len int
cap int
}
// An notInHeapSlice is a slice backed by go:notinheap memory.
type notInHeapSlice struct {
array *notInHeap
len int
cap int
}
由定义可以看出slice底层是基于数组,本质是对数组的封装。由三部分组成:
- 指针 指向第一个slice元素对应的底层数组元素地址。
- 长度 slice中元素的数目
- 容量 slice开始位置到底层数据的结尾
内置函数len和cap,分别返回slice的长度和容量。slice使用下标不能超过len,向后扩展不能超过cap。多个不同slice之间可以共享底层的数据,起始地址、长度都可以不同,所以slice第一个元素未必是数组的第一个元素。
使用切片
Slice代表变长的序列,序列中每个元素都有相同的类型,属于引用类型,一般这么声明:
var 变量名 []类型 //这样没有初始化赋值,仅仅是引用,没分配底层数组。
var 变量名 = []类型{置集合} //会分配底层数组,len、cap都是置集合大小
var 变量名 []类型 = make([]类型,len,cap) //这样会分配底层数组
注意,slice类型是不能比较的,对于字节型的slice,标准库有bytes.Equal函数用于比较,但是其他类型的slice,需要自行展开比较。
对于数组和slice,除了使用声明,还可以使用[begin:end:cap]来创建新的切片,注意这是个左闭右开区间,slice的容量是cap-begin,底层数据共享。
对于string类型,进行如[:]的操作,返回的是一个string,而不是切片,这个新的string和原来的string未必是一块内存,看编译器优化。
另外给切片从后面追加数据,可以用buildin函数append来实现。
func f(a []int) {
a = append(a, 8)
fmt.Printf("f cap:%d addr:%p value:%v\n", cap(a), &a[0], a)
}
func main() {
var slice1 = []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
fmt.Printf("%v %d %d\n", slice1, len(slice1), cap(slice1))
slice2 := slice1[2:2:3]
fmt.Printf("%v %d %d\n", slice2, len(slice2), cap(slice2))
var a [5]int = [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5} //先定义了一个数组
array_slice := a[:]
fmt.Printf("cap:%d a_addr:%p slice_addr:%p slice_type:%T\n", cap(array_slice), &a, &array_slice[0], array_slice)
array_slice[1] = 9
fmt.Printf("cap:%d addr:%p value:%v\n", cap(array_slice), &array_slice[0], a)
array_slice = append(array_slice, 6)
fmt.Printf("cap:%d addr:%p value:%v\n", cap(array_slice), &array_slice[0], array_slice)
array_slice = append(array_slice, 7)
fmt.Printf("cap:%d addr:%p value:%v\n", cap(array_slice), &array_slice[0], array_slice)
f(array_slice)
fmt.Printf("cap:%d addr:%p value:%v\n", cap(array_slice), &array_slice[0], array_slice)
array_slice = array_slice[:8]
fmt.Printf("cap:%d addr:%p value:%v\n", cap(array_slice), &array_slice[0], array_slice)
var s string = "abcdefg"
string_slice := s[0:5]
fmt.Printf("%p %T\n", &s, string_slice)
}
输出:
[1 2 3 4 5 6] 6 6
[] 0 1
cap:5 a_addr:0xc042086090 slice_addr:0xc042086090 slice_type:[]int
cap:5 addr:0xc042086090 value:[1 9 3 4 5]
cap:10 addr:0xc04209a000 value:[1 9 3 4 5 6]
cap:10 addr:0xc04209a000 value:[1 9 3 4 5 6 7]
f cap:10 addr:0xc04209a000 value:[1 9 3 4 5 6 7 8]
cap:10 addr:0xc04209a000 value:[1 9 3 4 5 6 7]
cap:10 addr:0xc04209a000 value:[1 9 3 4 5 6 7 8]
0xc04205c1c0 string
可以看到返回的切片,底层数据是一样的,修改切片中某个元素的值,就是修改原数据的值。但是对切片进行append的时候,如果底层空间足够就使用原来的空间,如果底层空间不够,那么就会申请新的空间。函数传递切片的时候,也是值传递,不是引用传递,传递的是slice结构体那三个字段的值,所以不会复制slice的实际内容,在函数内append,那么在cap足够的时候,修改的仅仅是函数中slice的len,外面的slice len不会发生变化。
nil值、空值
slice有2个特殊的值,大家要注意分辨一下
var s []int //nil值
var t = []int{} //空值
var u = make([]int, 3)[3:] //空值
fmt.Printf("value of s: %#v\n", s) // value of s: []int(nil)
fmt.Printf("value of t: %#v\n", t) // value of t: []int{}
fmt.Printf("value of u: %#v\n", u) //value of u: []int{}
fmt.Printf("s is nil? %v\n", s == nil) //true
fmt.Printf("t is nil? %v\n", t == nil) //false
fmt.Printf("u is nil? %v\n", u == nil) //false
区别是,nil slice的底层数组指针是nil,empty slice底层数组指针指向一个长度为0的数组。
所以测试一个slice是否有数据,使用len(s) == 0来判断,而不应用s == nil来判断。
一般的用法是nil slice表示数组不存在,empty slice表示集合为空。序列化json的时候,nil slice会变成null,empty是[]
源码分析
创建slice
// maxElems is a lookup table containing the maximum capacity for a slice.
// The index is the size of the slice element.
var maxElems = [...]uintptr{
^uintptr(0),
maxAlloc / 1, maxAlloc / 2, maxAlloc / 3, maxAlloc / 4,
maxAlloc / 5, maxAlloc / 6, maxAlloc / 7, maxAlloc / 8,
maxAlloc / 9, maxAlloc / 10, maxAlloc / 11, maxAlloc / 12,
maxAlloc / 13, maxAlloc / 14, maxAlloc / 15, maxAlloc / 16,
maxAlloc / 17, maxAlloc / 18, maxAlloc / 19, maxAlloc / 20,
maxAlloc / 21, maxAlloc / 22, maxAlloc / 23, maxAlloc / 24,
maxAlloc / 25, maxAlloc / 26, maxAlloc / 27, maxAlloc / 28,
maxAlloc / 29, maxAlloc / 30, maxAlloc / 31, maxAlloc / 32,
}
// maxSliceCap returns the maximum capacity for a slice.
func maxSliceCap(elemsize uintptr) uintptr {
if elemsize < uintptr(len(maxElems)) {
return maxElems[elemsize]
}
return maxAlloc / elemsize
}
func makeslice(et *_type, len, cap int) slice {
// NOTE: The len > maxElements check here is not strictly necessary,
// but it produces a 'len out of range' error instead of a 'cap out of range' error
// when someone does make([]T, bignumber). 'cap out of range' is true too,
// but since the cap is only being supplied implicitly, saying len is clearer.
// See issue 4085.
maxElements := maxSliceCap(et.size)
if len < 0 || uintptr(len) > maxElements {
panicmakeslicelen()
}
if cap < len || uintptr(cap) > maxElements {
panicmakeslicecap()
}
p := mallocgc(et.size*uintptr(cap), et, true)
return slice{p, len, cap}
}
可以看到创建slice的流程非常简单,根据类型的大小,算出最多能申请多少个元素,然后检查一下参数,不对就panic,就用malloc申请空间,赋值到一个slice结构体中,返回。
扩容
// growslice handles slice growth during append.
// It is passed the slice element type, the old slice, and the desired new minimum capacity,
// and it returns a new slice with at least that capacity, with the old data
// copied into it.
// The new slice's length is set to the old slice's length,
// NOT to the new requested capacity.
// This is for codegen convenience. The old slice's length is used immediately
// to calculate where to write new values during an append.
// TODO: When the old backend is gone, reconsider this decision.
// The SSA backend might prefer the new length or to return only ptr/cap and save stack space.
func growslice(et *_type, old slice, cap int) slice {
if raceenabled {
callerpc := getcallerpc()
racereadrangepc(old.array, uintptr(old.len*int(et.size)), callerpc, funcPC(growslice))
}
if msanenabled {
msanread(old.array, uintptr(old.len*int(et.size)))
}
if et.size == 0 {
if cap < old.cap {
panic(errorString("growslice: cap out of range"))
}
// append should not create a slice with nil pointer but non-zero len.
// We assume that append doesn't need to preserve old.array in this case.
return slice{unsafe.Pointer(&zerobase), old.len, cap}
}
newcap := old.cap
doublecap := newcap + newcap
if cap > doublecap {
newcap = cap
} else {
if old.len < 1024 {
newcap = doublecap
} else {
// Check 0 < newcap to detect overflow
// and prevent an infinite loop.
for 0 < newcap && newcap < cap {
newcap += newcap / 4
}
// Set newcap to the requested cap when
// the newcap calculation overflowed.
if newcap <= 0 {
newcap = cap
}
}
}
var overflow bool
var lenmem, newlenmem, capmem uintptr
// Specialize for common values of et.size.
// For 1 we don't need any division/multiplication.
// For sys.PtrSize, compiler will optimize division/multiplication into a shift by a constant.
// For powers of 2, use a variable shift.
switch {
case et.size == 1:
lenmem = uintptr(old.len)
newlenmem = uintptr(cap)
capmem = roundupsize(uintptr(newcap))
overflow = uintptr(newcap) > maxAlloc
newcap = int(capmem)
case et.size == sys.PtrSize:
lenmem = uintptr(old.len) * sys.PtrSize
newlenmem = uintptr(cap) * sys.PtrSize
capmem = roundupsize(uintptr(newcap) * sys.PtrSize)
overflow = uintptr(newcap) > maxAlloc/sys.PtrSize
newcap = int(capmem / sys.PtrSize)
case isPowerOfTwo(et.size):
var shift uintptr
if sys.PtrSize == 8 {
// Mask shift for better code generation.
shift = uintptr(sys.Ctz64(uint64(et.size))) & 63
} else {
shift = uintptr(sys.Ctz32(uint32(et.size))) & 31
}
lenmem = uintptr(old.len) << shift
newlenmem = uintptr(cap) << shift
capmem = roundupsize(uintptr(newcap) << shift)
overflow = uintptr(newcap) > (maxAlloc >> shift)
newcap = int(capmem >> shift)
default:
lenmem = uintptr(old.len) * et.size
newlenmem = uintptr(cap) * et.size
capmem = roundupsize(uintptr(newcap) * et.size)
overflow = uintptr(newcap) > maxSliceCap(et.size)
newcap = int(capmem / et.size)
}
// The check of overflow (uintptr(newcap) > maxSliceCap(et.size))
// in addition to capmem > _MaxMem is needed to prevent an overflow
// which can be used to trigger a segfault on 32bit architectures
// with this example program:
//
// type T [1<<27 + 1]int64
//
// var d T
// var s []T
//
// func main() {
// s = append(s, d, d, d, d)
// print(len(s), "\n")
// }
if cap < old.cap || overflow || capmem > maxAlloc {
panic(errorString("growslice: cap out of range"))
}
var p unsafe.Pointer
if et.kind&kindNoPointers != 0 {
p = mallocgc(capmem, nil, false)
memmove(p, old.array, lenmem)
// The append() that calls growslice is going to overwrite from old.len to cap (which will be the new length).
// Only clear the part that will not be overwritten.
memclrNoHeapPointers(add(p, newlenmem), capmem-newlenmem)
} else {
// Note: can't use rawmem (which avoids zeroing of memory), because then GC can scan uninitialized memory.
p = mallocgc(capmem, et, true)
if !writeBarrier.enabled {
memmove(p, old.array, lenmem)
} else {
for i := uintptr(0); i < lenmem; i += et.size {
typedmemmove(et, add(p, i), add(old.array, i))
}
}
}
return slice{p, old.len, newcap}
}
扩容时,先计算需要扩多少个,算法是这样的:
- 如果申请的容量(cap)是老容量(old.cap)的两倍以上,那么就扩成cap
- 否则,如果老容量old.cap小于1024,那么就扩成old.cap x 2
- 再否则,newcap初始为old.cap,一直循环newcap += newcap/4,直到不小于cap,newcap就是最终扩成的大小,注意这里还有个溢出保护,如果溢出了,那么newcap=cap。
计算完需要申请的元素个数大小之后,就计算内存位置,进行复制,这里不细说。
需要注意的地方是,扩容之后可能还是原来的数组,因为可能底层数组还有空间。
slice copy
func slicecopy(to, fm slice, width uintptr) int {
if fm.len == 0 || to.len == 0 {
return 0
}
n := fm.len
if to.len < n {
n = to.len
}
if width == 0 {
return n
}
if raceenabled {
callerpc := getcallerpc()
pc := funcPC(slicecopy)
racewriterangepc(to.array, uintptr(n*int(width)), callerpc, pc)
racereadrangepc(fm.array, uintptr(n*int(width)), callerpc, pc)
}
if msanenabled {
msanwrite(to.array, uintptr(n*int(width)))
msanread(fm.array, uintptr(n*int(width)))
}
size := uintptr(n) * width
if size == 1 { // common case worth about 2x to do here
// TODO: is this still worth it with new memmove impl?
*(*byte)(to.array) = *(*byte)(fm.array) // known to be a byte pointer
} else {
memmove(to.array, fm.array, size)
}
return n
}
这是常规的copy,比较两个slice的len,选取小的len进行复制,把fm的内容复制to中,使用memmove对array进行内存拷贝。我们可以看到因为使用的是较小的len,所以slice to中的cap不需要改变。如果fm的len较小,那么就覆盖to中的前len个位置,其余不变。eg:
func main() {
var slice1 = []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
var slice2 = []int{8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15}
copy(slice2, slice1)
fmt.Printf("len:%d cap:%d %#v\n", len(slice2), cap(slice2), slice2)
}
输出
len:8 cap:8 []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 14, 15}