MDC 简介
MDC ( Mapped Diagnostic Contexts ),它是一个线程安全的存放诊断日志的容器。
Logback设计的一个目标之一是对分布式应用系统的审计和调试。在现在的分布式系统中,需要同时处理很多的请求。如何来很好的区分日志到底是那个请求输出的呢?我们可以为每一个请求生一个logger,但是这样子最产生大量的资源浪费,并且随着请求的增多这种方式会将服务器资源消耗殆尽,所以这种方式并不推荐。
一种更加轻量级的实现是使用MDC机制,在处理请求前将请求的唯一标示放到MDC容器中如sessionId,这个唯一标示会随着日志一起输出,以此来区分该条日志是属于那个请求的。并在请求处理完成之后清除MDC容器。
下面是MDC对外提供的方法,也可以通过MDC javadocs查看所有方法。
package org.slf4j;
public class MDC {
// 将一个K-V的键值对放到容器,其实是放到当前线程的ThreadLocalMap中
public static void put(String key, String val);
// 根据key在当前线程的MDC容器中获取对应的值
public static String get(String key);
// 根据key移除容器中的值
public static void remove(String key);
// 清空当前线程的MDC容器
public static void clear();
}
简单的例子
Example 7.1: Basic MDC usage ( logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/mdc/SimpleMDC.java)
package com.xiaolyuh;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.slf4j.MDC;
public class SimpleMDC {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// You can put values in the MDC at any time. Before anything else
// we put the first name
MDC.put("first", "Dorothy");
Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SimpleMDC.class);
// We now put the last name
MDC.put("last", "Parker");
// The most beautiful two words in the English language according
// to Dorothy Parker:
logger.info("Check enclosed.");
logger.debug("The most beautiful two words in English.");
MDC.put("first", "Richard");
MDC.put("last", "Nixon");
logger.info("I am not a crook.");
logger.info("Attributed to the former US president. 17 Nov 1973.");
}
}
Logback配置:
<appender name="CONSOLE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
<layout>
<Pattern>%X{first} %X{last} - %m%n</Pattern>
</layout>
</appender>
输出日志:
Dorothy Parker - Check enclosed.
Dorothy Parker - The most beautiful two words in English.
Richard Nixon - I am not a crook.
Richard Nixon - Attributed to the former US president. 17 Nov 1973.
- 在日志模板logback.xml 中,使用 %X{ }来占位,替换到对应的 MDC 中 key 的值。同样,logback.xml配置文件支持了多种格式的日志输出,比如%highlight、%d等等,这些标志,在PatternLayout.java中维护。
- MDC的容器中的key可以多次赋值,最后一次的赋值会覆盖上一次的值。
PatternLayout :
public class PatternLayout extends PatternLayoutBase<ILoggingEvent> {
public static final Map<String, String> defaultConverterMap = new HashMap<String, String>();
public static final String HEADER_PREFIX = "#logback.classic pattern: ";
static {
defaultConverterMap.putAll(Parser.DEFAULT_COMPOSITE_CONVERTER_MAP);
// 按照{}配置输出时间
defaultConverterMap.put("d", DateConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("date", DateConverter.class.getName());
// 输出应用启动到日志时间触发时候的毫秒数
defaultConverterMap.put("r", RelativeTimeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("relative", RelativeTimeConverter.class.getName());
// 输出日志级别的信息
defaultConverterMap.put("level", LevelConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("le", LevelConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("p", LevelConverter.class.getName());
// 输出产生日志事件的线程名
defaultConverterMap.put("t", ThreadConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("thread", ThreadConverter.class.getName());
// 输出产生log事件的原点的日志名=我们创建logger的时候设置的
defaultConverterMap.put("lo", LoggerConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("logger", LoggerConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("c", LoggerConverter.class.getName());
// 输出 提供日志事件的对应的应用信息
defaultConverterMap.put("m", MessageConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("msg", MessageConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("message", MessageConverter.class.getName());
// 输出调用方发布日志事件的完整类名
defaultConverterMap.put("C", ClassOfCallerConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("class", ClassOfCallerConverter.class.getName());
// 输出发布日志请求的方法名
defaultConverterMap.put("M", MethodOfCallerConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("method", MethodOfCallerConverter.class.getName());
// 输出log请求的行数
defaultConverterMap.put("L", LineOfCallerConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("line", LineOfCallerConverter.class.getName());
// 输出发布日志请求的java源码的文件名
defaultConverterMap.put("F", FileOfCallerConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("file", FileOfCallerConverter.class.getName());
// 输出和发布日志事件关联的线程的MDC
defaultConverterMap.put("X", MDCConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("mdc", MDCConverter.class.getName());
// 输出和日志事件关联的异常的堆栈信息
defaultConverterMap.put("ex", ThrowableProxyConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("exception", ThrowableProxyConverter.class
.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("rEx", RootCauseFirstThrowableProxyConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("rootException", RootCauseFirstThrowableProxyConverter.class
.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("throwable", ThrowableProxyConverter.class
.getName());
// 和上面一样,此外增加类的包信息
defaultConverterMap.put("xEx", ExtendedThrowableProxyConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("xException", ExtendedThrowableProxyConverter.class
.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("xThrowable", ExtendedThrowableProxyConverter.class
.getName());
// 当我们想不输出异常信息时,使用这个。其假装处理异常,其实无任何输出
defaultConverterMap.put("nopex", NopThrowableInformationConverter.class
.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("nopexception",
NopThrowableInformationConverter.class.getName());
// 输出在类附加到日志上的上下文名字.
defaultConverterMap.put("cn", ContextNameConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("contextName", ContextNameConverter.class.getName());
// 输出产生日志事件的调用者的位置信息
defaultConverterMap.put("caller", CallerDataConverter.class.getName());
// 输出和日志请求关联的marker
defaultConverterMap.put("marker", MarkerConverter.class.getName());
// 输出属性对应的值,一般为System.properties中的属性
defaultConverterMap.put("property", PropertyConverter.class.getName());
// 输出依赖系统的行分隔符
defaultConverterMap.put("n", LineSeparatorConverter.class.getName());
// 相关的颜色格式设置
defaultConverterMap.put("black", BlackCompositeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("red", RedCompositeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("green", GreenCompositeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("yellow", YellowCompositeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("blue", BlueCompositeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("magenta", MagentaCompositeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("cyan", CyanCompositeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("white", WhiteCompositeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("gray", GrayCompositeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("boldRed", BoldRedCompositeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("boldGreen", BoldGreenCompositeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("boldYellow", BoldYellowCompositeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("boldBlue", BoldBlueCompositeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("boldMagenta", BoldMagentaCompositeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("boldCyan", BoldCyanCompositeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("boldWhite", BoldWhiteCompositeConverter.class.getName());
defaultConverterMap.put("highlight", HighlightingCompositeConverter.class.getName());
}
}
Notes:日志模板配置,使用 %为前缀让解析器识别特殊输出模式,然后以{}后缀结尾,内部指定相应的参数设置。
使用切面
在处理请求前将请求的唯一标示放到MDC容器中如sessionId,这个唯一标示会随着日志一起输出,以此来区分该条日志是属于那个请求的。这个我们可以使用Advanced来实现,可以使用filter,interceptor等。
Interceptor
可以参考篇文章Logback 快速定位用户在一次请求中的所有日志。
MDCInsertingServletFilter
这是Logback提供的一个filter,他会将一些请求信息放到MDC容器中,这个filter最好放到配置编码的filter之后。以下是详细的key:
MDC key | MDC value |
---|---|
req.remoteHost | as returned by the getRemoteHost() method |
req.xForwardedFor | value of the "X-Forwarded-For" header |
req.method | as returned by getMethod() method |
req.requestURI | as returned by getRequestURI() method |
req.requestURL | as returned by getRequestURL() method |
req.queryString | as returned by getQueryString() method |
req.userAgent | value of the "User-Agent" header |
使用配置:需要保证filter在需要使用的到该MDC的其他filter之前。
<filter>
<filter-name>MDCInsertingServletFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>
ch.qos.logback.classic.helpers.MDCInsertingServletFilter
</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>MDCInsertingServletFilter</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
应用key:
%X{req.remoteHost} %X{req.requestURI}%n%d - %m%n
管理每个线程的MDC容器
我们在主线程上,新起一个子线程,并由 java.util.concurrent.Executors来执行它时,在早期的版本中子线程可以直接自动继承父线程的MDC容器中的内容,因为MDC在早期版本中使用的是InheritableThreadLocal来作为底层实现。但是由于性能问题被取消了,最后还是使用的是ThreadLocal来作为底层实现。这样子线程就不能直接继承父线程的MDC容器。
所以,Logback官方建议我们在父线程新建子线程之前调用MDC.getCopyOfContextMap()方法将MDC内容取出来传给子线程,子线程在执行操作前先调用MDC.setContextMap()方法将父线程的MDC内容设置到子线程。
Slf4j MDC实现原理
Slf4j 的实现原则就是调用底层具体实现类,比如logback,logging等包;而不会去实现具体的输出打印等操作。这里使用了装饰者模式,看源码就能看出来,所有的方法都是在对mdcAdapter 这个属性进行操作。所以实现核心是MDCAdapter类。
MDCAdapter
MDCAdapter只是定义了一个接口,具体实现由子类完成,源码如下:
public interface MDCAdapter {
public void put(String key, String val);
public String get(String key);
public void remove(String key);
public void clear();
public Map<String, String> getCopyOfContextMap();
public void setContextMap(Map<String, String> contextMap);
}
它有三个实现类,BasicMDCAdapter、LogbackMDCAdapter,NOPMDCAdapter。Logback使用的是LogbackMDCAdapter。
LogbackMDCAdapter
package ch.qos.logback.classic.util;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import org.slf4j.spi.MDCAdapter;
public class LogbackMDCAdapter implements MDCAdapter {
final ThreadLocal<Map<String, String>> copyOnThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Map<String, String>>();
private static final int WRITE_OPERATION = 1;
private static final int MAP_COPY_OPERATION = 2;
// keeps track of the last operation performed
final ThreadLocal<Integer> lastOperation = new ThreadLocal<Integer>();
private Integer getAndSetLastOperation(int op) {
Integer lastOp = lastOperation.get();
lastOperation.set(op);
return lastOp;
}
private boolean wasLastOpReadOrNull(Integer lastOp) {
return lastOp == null || lastOp.intValue() == MAP_COPY_OPERATION;
}
private Map<String, String> duplicateAndInsertNewMap(Map<String, String> oldMap) {
Map<String, String> newMap = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<String, String>());
if (oldMap != null) {
// we don't want the parent thread modifying oldMap while we are
// iterating over it
synchronized (oldMap) {
newMap.putAll(oldMap);
}
}
copyOnThreadLocal.set(newMap);
return newMap;
}
/**
* Put a context value (the <code>val</code> parameter) as identified with the
* <code>key</code> parameter into the current thread's context map. Note that
* contrary to log4j, the <code>val</code> parameter can be null.
* <p/>
* <p/>
* If the current thread does not have a context map it is created as a side
* effect of this call.
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException in case the "key" parameter is null
*/
public void put(String key, String val) throws IllegalArgumentException {
if (key == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("key cannot be null");
}
Map<String, String> oldMap = copyOnThreadLocal.get();
Integer lastOp = getAndSetLastOperation(WRITE_OPERATION);
if (wasLastOpReadOrNull(lastOp) || oldMap == null) {
Map<String, String> newMap = duplicateAndInsertNewMap(oldMap);
newMap.put(key, val);
} else {
oldMap.put(key, val);
}
}
/**
* Remove the the context identified by the <code>key</code> parameter.
* <p/>
*/
public void remove(String key) {
if (key == null) {
return;
}
Map<String, String> oldMap = copyOnThreadLocal.get();
if (oldMap == null)
return;
Integer lastOp = getAndSetLastOperation(WRITE_OPERATION);
if (wasLastOpReadOrNull(lastOp)) {
Map<String, String> newMap = duplicateAndInsertNewMap(oldMap);
newMap.remove(key);
} else {
oldMap.remove(key);
}
}
/**
* Clear all entries in the MDC.
*/
public void clear() {
lastOperation.set(WRITE_OPERATION);
copyOnThreadLocal.remove();
}
/**
* Get the context identified by the <code>key</code> parameter.
* <p/>
*/
public String get(String key) {
final Map<String, String> map = copyOnThreadLocal.get();
if ((map != null) && (key != null)) {
return map.get(key);
} else {
return null;
}
}
/**
* Get the current thread's MDC as a map. This method is intended to be used
* internally.
*/
public Map<String, String> getPropertyMap() {
lastOperation.set(MAP_COPY_OPERATION);
return copyOnThreadLocal.get();
}
/**
* Returns the keys in the MDC as a {@link Set}. The returned value can be
* null.
*/
public Set<String> getKeys() {
Map<String, String> map = getPropertyMap();
if (map != null) {
return map.keySet();
} else {
return null;
}
}
/**
* Return a copy of the current thread's context map. Returned value may be
* null.
*/
public Map<String, String> getCopyOfContextMap() {
Map<String, String> hashMap = copyOnThreadLocal.get();
if (hashMap == null) {
return null;
} else {
return new HashMap<String, String>(hashMap);
}
}
public void setContextMap(Map<String, String> contextMap) {
lastOperation.set(WRITE_OPERATION);
Map<String, String> newMap = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<String, String>());
newMap.putAll(contextMap);
// the newMap replaces the old one for serialisation's sake
copyOnThreadLocal.set(newMap);
}
}
final ThreadLocal<Integer> lastOperation = new ThreadLocal<Integer>();
通过这段代码,我们可以看到底层最终是使用的是ThreadLocal来做实现。