在这个例子中,我们将使用Django编写饿了么高校外卖商家查询API接口,并且使用AJAX技术来实现API接口的使用,包括使用ajax get方法加载更多数据,使用ajax方法来更新、修改、新增、删除数据。利用API可以做到前后端分离,为开发web应用提供了便利。
安装rest framework
首先使用Pycharm新建一个Django项目,并且使用virtualenv或者pipenv虚拟环境
创建成功会自动安装Django2.1和所需依赖,restframework框架需要自己手动安装
//激活虚拟环境安装以下
(venv)$ pip install djangorestframework
(venv)$ pip install django-filter
(venv)$ pip install pytest
(venv)$ pip install pytest-django
//由于笔者使用Postgresql数据库,所以还需要安装以下
(venv)$ pip install psycopg2
//使用mysql数据库安装如下
(venv)$ pip install pymysql
准备数据来提供服务
数据来源:饿了么爬虫
数据内容:全国所有大学附近的外卖商家Top20
数据需要导入数据库
Django编写rest api接口
项目结构
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settings.py.
// 安装的app如下
INSTALLED_APPS = [
#...
'rest_framework',
'django_filters',
'api.apps.ApiConfig',
'front.apps.FrontConfig',
]
//restframework 配置如下
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
//这里配置了分页处理,每页最多20个项目
'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS':'api.custompagination.LimitOffsetPaginationWithUpperBound',
'PAGE_SIZE': 20,
'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': (
//这里配置了排序、过滤、搜索器
'django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend',
'rest_framework.filters.OrderingFilter',
'rest_framework.filters.SearchFilter',
),
//这里配置了用户认证,管理员才可以更改内容,未登录不能更改
'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES':(
'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication',
'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',
),
//这里配置了访问次数限制,过多会返回429错误 too many requests
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': (
'rest_framework.throttling.AnonRateThrottle',
'rest_framework.throttling.UserRateThrottle',
),
//这里配置了访问次数,anon代表匿名用户,user代表已登录用户,entries是我自己设置的作用域,300/hour代表最多300次每小时
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
'anon': '300/hour',
'user': '100/hour',
'entries': '200/hour',
},
'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':'rest_framework.versioning.NamespaceVersioning',
}
models.py.
from django.db import models
class Entry(models.Model):
city = models.CharField(max_length=50)
school = models.CharField(max_length=100)
link = models.CharField(max_length=100,null=True,default='null')
name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
lat = models.CharField(max_length=20,null=True,default='0.0')
lng = models.CharField(max_length=20,null=True,default='0.0')
address = models.CharField(max_length=200,null=True,default='null')
distance = models.CharField(max_length=20,null=True,default='0')
time = models.CharField(max_length=20,null=True,default='0:00')
contact = models.CharField(max_length=200,null=True,default='null')
score = models.CharField(max_length=10,null=True,default='0')
comments = models.CharField(max_length=20,null=True,default='0')
sell = models.CharField(max_length=20,null=True,default='0')
image = models.CharField(max_length=200,null=True,default='null')
owner = models.ForeignKey('auth.User',related_name='entries',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
# class Meta:
# ordering = ('name',)
def __str__(self):
return self.name
serializers.py.
from rest_framework import serializers
from api.models import Entry
//这里继承自超链接模型序列器,用于把数据转换为json格式,并且显示链接
class EntrySerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
owner = serializers.ReadOnlyField(source='owner.username')
class Meta:
model = Entry
fields = ('url','pk','name','city','school','link','lat','lng','address','distance','time','contact',
'score','comments','sell','image','owner')
views.py.
from rest_framework import generics
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.reverse import reverse
from api.models import Entry
from api.serializers import EntrySerializer
from rest_framework import permissions
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated
from rest_framework.throttling import ScopedRateThrottle
from api import custompermission
//这里是获取所有数据,可实现HTTP get、Post、Option操作
class EntryList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
//限流自定义作用域
throttle_scope = 'entries'
throttle_classes = (ScopedRateThrottle,)
queryset = Entry.objects.all()
serializer_class = EntrySerializer
name = 'entry-list'
filter_fields = ('city','school','name')
search_fields = ('school','city')
ordering_fields = ('city')
//管理员才能post操作创建新的数据
permission_classes = (
permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly,
custompermission.IsCurrentUserOwnerOrReadOnly,
)
def perform_create(self, serializer):
serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)
//这里是获取具体某一项的数据,可实现HTTP GET、PUT、PATCH、Option操作
class EntryDetail(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
throttle_scope = 'entries'
throttle_classes = (ScopedRateThrottle,)
queryset = Entry.objects.all()
serializer_class = EntrySerializer
name = 'entry-detail'
permission_classes = (
permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly,
custompermission.IsCurrentUserOwnerOrReadOnly,
)
//api根目录
class ApiRoot(generics.GenericAPIView):
name = 'api-root'
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response({
'entries': reverse(EntryList.name, request=request),
})
urls.py.
from django.urls import path
from api import views
urlpatterns = [
path('entries/', views.EntryList.as_view(), name=views.EntryList.name),
path('entry-detail/<int:pk>', views.EntryDetail.as_view(), name=views.EntryDetail.name),
path('', views.ApiRoot.as_view(), name=views.ApiRoot.name)
]
ele/urls.py.
from django.urls import path,include
urlpatterns = [
path('v1/',include('api.urls')),
path('v1/api-auth/',include('rest_framework.urls')),
path('',include('front.urls'))
]
以下为启动界面
到此为止非常简单的api就写完了,接下来就是自动化测试是否达到预期效果。
如图,测试通过!
在程序中调用刚刚写好的api
创建一个新的app并且添加到settings.py里面
(venv)$ python manage.py startapp front
做好的效果如下:点击加载更多会触发ajax
由于篇幅有限,这里贴出js代码
使用ajax get请求刚刚写好的api接口并且添加到表格中
myjs.js.
$('#load-more').click(function () {
$.ajax({
method:'GET',
url:api_url,
dataType:'json',
success:function (data) {
api_url = data['next'];
if (api_url == null){
$('#load-more').val('已加载全部');
$('#load-more').attr('disabled',true);
//api_url这里就是刚刚写好的api接口
api_url = 'v1/entries/';
}
var results = data['results'];
for (i=0;i<results.length;i++){
$('#ele-table-body').append(
' <tr>\n' +
' <th scope="col">'+results[i]['pk']+'</th>\n' +
' <th scope="col">'+results[i]['city']+'</th>\n' +
' <th scope="col"><a href="/detail/' + results[i]['pk'] +'">' + results[i]['name'] + '</a></th>\n' +
' <th scope="col">'+results[i]['school']+'</th>\n' +
' <th scope="col">'+results[i]['score']+'</th>\n' +
' </tr>'
)
}
}
})
});
可以修改具体的一条数据,使用ajax patch方法提交数据。
注:PUT方法是修改所有数据,而PATCH方法是修改局部数据
myjs.js.
$('#edit-confirm-btn').click(function () {
var name = $('#name').val();
var distance = $('#distance').val();
var adderss = $('#address').val();
var time = $('#time').val();
var score = $('#score').val();
var comments = $('#comments').val();
var sell = $('#sell').val();
var pk = $('#pk').val();
$.ajax({
type:'PATCH',
url:'/detail/' + pk,
data:{
"name": name,
"distance": distance,
"address": adderss,
"time": time,
"score": score,
"comments": comments,
"sell": sell,
},
success:function (data) {
if (data.status == 'ok'){
console.log('success');
location.reload();
}
}
})
})
本文通过一个小例子介绍了如何使用Django调用自己写的api