你可能会遇到这样的问题,虽然学了很久英语,但写出来的文章总是句式单调、简单句堆砌、遣词造句错漏百出、词汇和表达也带有明显的中式痕迹。口语也常常感到无话可说,头脑一片空白。造成这种现象的一个原因是对英语材料的模仿和积累远远不足。
任何语言的学习在初始阶段都要经历一个模仿过程,而模仿要依托于大量的语言输入积累。通过背诵能够很好实现这一积累,强化输入和输出能力。具体来讲,背诵有以下几个方面的好处:
1.背诵可以内化语言知识,增强语感
加拿大语言学家 Bialy stok 将外语学习者的语言知识分为显性知识和隐性知识两种。显性知识包括语音、词汇、句式、语法等知识,这些知识存在于学习者的意识层中,他们可以将这些知识清晰地表达出来。隐性知识指那些内化了的语言知识,它们存在于学习者的潜意识层中,学习者并不一定能意识到这些知识的存在,但能够不假思索地使用它们,这就是我们常说的“语感”。
举个例子,对大多数学习者来说,类似"How are you?","How do you do?","Thanks a lot." 这样的表达在多年的英语学习过程中已经内化,在具体使用场合中能够脱口而出。但对于稍微复杂一点的词汇和句式,要做到这一点就会难很多,比如类似"How do you like your coffee?","What do you make of this news?" 这样的表达。
为了更好地提升利用目标语的能力,我们要尽可能多地积累隐性知识,而背诵就是一个很好的途径。背诵能让我们积累和巩固语言知识,从而将原本是显性的语言知识转化为隐性语言知识,在这过程中语感也会随着加强。
2.背诵可以减少汉语干扰,提升写作水平
由于英汉两种语言分属不同语系,存在较大差异,再加上很多人的英语输入不足,导致他们在写作时难以摆脱汉语影响。相当一部分人在写英语文章时先用汉语构思,再将所构思的内容逐句翻译成英语,有些甚至生搬硬套汉语的句型和语法规则,这样写出来的东西带有很明显的中式英语痕迹,常常让读者感到一头雾水。比如“性格特征”,一些人会直接用汉语的构词法写成 character identity,但正确的表达应该是 personality traits. 如果没有充足的输入量,这种汉语干扰就很难摆脱。
背诵优秀的英文材料是减少母语干扰的一个有效手段。朗读和背诵能让我们在融会贯通的基础上对语料进行提炼、加工、概括,使之活化为自己的知识。长久以往,就能够做到言之有章,行之有法。举个例子,假如你背过新概念英语3第4课 The double life of Alfred Bloggs,你应该会记得这句话:
Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.(许多人常常情愿放弃较高的薪水以换取做白领工人的殊荣,此乃人之常情。)
这句话堪称万能句型,在很多话题中都可以活用,比如:
1) Such is human nature, that a great many college students prefer instant gratification to hard work. (大学生活话题)
2) Such is human nature, that a great many consumers are often willing to go for what many others are buying. (购物类话题)
3) Such is human nature, that the majority of men would rather shut themselves away than go shopping with their wives. (男女差异话题)
这仅仅是一条句型,如果积累了100条,甚至是1000条,那么你写出来的东西给人的感觉会完全不一样。
3.背诵可以提高听说能力
长期的朗读和背诵训练可以提升语流和连贯性,纠正语音语调,帮助学习者掌握英语口语的多种技巧,比如连读、失去爆破、同化、重读、弱读等。同时,背诵还能使我们的口语表达更加准确和严谨。学习者一旦对原文背诵的材料达到了非常熟练的程度,在后面的口语练习中,他们就可以随时提取运用原材料中的词汇、短语和句式,让口语表达更加自然和准确。同时,在背诵的同时学习者也会记住单词和短语对应的发音,从视觉-听觉上对单词建立联系,这样在做听力时更容易将它们分辨出来。
怎样选择合适的背诵材料?
背诵能够带来很多好处,但这并不意味着任何材料都值得背诵。值得背诵的材料应满足语言规范、自然、地道、再生性强的特点,有利于学习者模仿和活用。可以优先选择带有音频的版本,这样可以在背诵过程中纠正语音语调,同时练习听力。这里推荐几种我认为比较不错的背诵材料,如果你有好的材料推荐,也欢迎在评论区留言:
1.《新概念英语》系列
新概念英语无论是在编排体系,题材和文化背景,词汇还是语法上都非常出彩,适合各个层次的读者学习。新概念英语教材中涵盖了非常多经典的词汇和句型,如果能加以背诵和掌握,会对语言能力提升大有裨益。有一定基础的同学可以尝试背诵新概念英语3的一些经典名篇,比如 Illusions of pastoral peace, The power of the press, Do it yourself, New Year resolutions, In the public interest 等,同时,新概念4中也有一些文章段落值得背诵,比如 Youth, The sporting spirit, How to grow old. 在背诵的同时可以对其中的句式和段落进行仿写,这样记忆会更深刻。
2.《生而为赢》
《生而为赢》是新东方举办的一个美文背诵大赛的指定用书,书中精选了30篇名家作品,比如罗素的 What I Have Lived For,丘吉尔的 Work and Pleasure,以及林肯的 The Gettysburg Address,背诵这些文章不仅仅可以学到经典的词汇句型,还可以感受语言和哲思的魅力。
3.美国总统和各大高校毕业演讲稿
无论是总统宣誓演讲还是常春藤大学的毕业致辞,能登上演讲台的都是顶级精英,他们的演讲稿往往也是经过无数次修改,精雕细琢而成,非常具有学习价值。J.K.罗琳2008年在哈佛大学的毕业演讲就是一个经典之作。
她的演讲不仅文采斐然,然后还蕴含了深刻的人生哲理,比如关于责任和贫穷的论述:
There is an expiry date on blaming your parents for steering you in the wrong direction; the moment you are old enough to take the wheel, responsibility lies with you. What is more, I cannot criticise my parents for hoping that I would never experience poverty. They had been poor themselves, and I have since been poor, and I quite agree with them that it is not an ennobling experience. Poverty entails fear, and stress, and sometimes depression; it means a thousand petty humiliations and hardships. Climbing out of poverty by your own efforts, that is indeed something on which to pride yourself, but poverty itself is romanticised only by fools.
关于逆境的好处:
The knowledge that you have emerged wiser and stronger from setbacks means that you are, ever after, secure in your ability to survive. You will never truly know yourself, or the strength of your relationships, until both have been tested by adversity. Such knowledge is a true gift, for all that it is painfully won, and it has been worth more than any qualification I ever earned.
关于想象力的作用:
Imagination is not only the uniquely human capacity to envision that which is not, and therefore the fount of all invention and innovation. In its arguably most transformative and revelatory capacity, it is the power that enables us to empathise with humans whose experiences we have never shared.
除此之外,你也可以选择自己感兴趣的内容去背诵,比如外刊文章、散文、经典议论文等。在背诵这些材料时不能“不求甚解”,在背诵之前要弄清楚生词,句型以及文章的含义,这样才能做到熟能生巧,切实提升语言技能。