来源：私家英语资源库
公众号：English-lovers
1.1关于修辞
修辞的作用是不能低的。它能“唤起生动的意象,使语言文字新鲜活泼,意蕴优美,发挥更大的感染力和说服力,取得艺术性的表达效果”（范家材,1997)。修辞的使用在书面表达中算作很大的亮点，在高中阶段很少有学生会注重修辞的应用。
1.2例句分析
修辞的恰当使用能够使文章锦上添花,起到点睛的效果。在典范英语10的几册书中,都出现了许多不同种类的修辞手法。该课将着重探讨几种常见的修辞手法在这套书中的使用特点与效果。
1.3明喻( simile)
明喻是比喻的一种,它与后面即将要讲到的暗喻修辞手法都是比喻的表现手法。明喻是把两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，暗示了主体与喻体之间的共同性。
明喻由这样几个成分组成,主体(subject)、喻体(reference)、比喻词(simile marker)。我们见得比较多的几个比喻词有as，like，what，as if，as though，similar to，be something of，such as，seem等等。明喻是种修辞，而且对于考生来说，只要稍加注意，可以在文章中设计明喻的句子。就变成了亮点句，起到强调作用。
Figure
of speech: simile
Example1:
•A word or phrase that compares sth to sthelse, using the words like or as, for examplea face like a mask oras white as snow; the use of such words and phrases .
It consists such
elements as subject、reference
and simile marker.
Example1: OneJanuary morning, Bessie gave me a rough and thorough wash, brushed my hairhard, and sent me to Aunt Reed.She was sitting by the breakfast--room fire
with a man in black who ,with his great height, dark clothes and grim face,
looked like a black pillar of stone. My aunt called him“ MrBrocklehurst.” ---《Jane Eyre》 P13
她和一个男士坐在餐厅壁火炉旁，这位男士穿着黑色的衣服，高高的个子，还有一张冷酷的脸，看上去就像一根黑石柱。
Subject: Aman Reference: A black pillar of stone(一根黑石柱) Simile marker: like
在这个比喻中，主体是a man，喻体是a black pillar of stone，比喻词是like，通过比喻，这位男士（Mr
Brocklehurst）那种冷酷的外貌被刻画得栩栩如生。
我们可以发现明喻的一个特点就是主体和喻体之间所传达的是一种相似性。
Example2:
•What happened next was pure magic. Astrong gust of wind lifted the ivy, parting it like a curtain. ---《The Secret Garden》P21
partingit like a curtain：像窗帘一样向两边分开
在这个比喻中，主体是:ivy，喻体是a curtain，比喻词是like，通过比喻，把一阵风吹来常青藤像窗帘一样打开的场景写得栩栩如生。
Example3:
•Everyone but me was armed to the teeth. Silvercarried two muskets, as well as a cutlass and pistols in his pockets. He had arope tied round my waist and led me along like a dancing bear. ---《Treasure Island》P104
Ledme along like a dancing bear：我就像一只跳舞的熊一样被领
•She slid from the bed and walked veryuncertainly to the window, threw it open and leant out. The frosty air blew in,cutting like a knife. ---《Wuthering Heights》 P66
cutting like a
knife:像刀割一样
•He paced up and down like a caged animal.
He was a man of action,not books.
---《20,000 Leagues
Under the Sea》 P29
like a caged animal：像笼中困兽
•I wanted to help the captain and grabbedmy knife,but my fingers were like jelly and I couldn’t get the knife out of mybelt. ---《20,000 Leagues
Under the Sea》 P54
myfingers were like jelly：我的手指就像果冻
•The Nautilus drifted,waiting for ordersfrom its captain,floating on the waves like a dead body. ---《20,000 Leagues Under the Sea》 P72
like a dead body:一具死尸
•“I’ve been going from person to person for
weeks,like the booby prize in pass the parcel.”
---《The
Secret Garden》P5
likethe booby prize in pass the parcel：就像“传送包裹“游戏里的包裹一样
•Instead the ivy grew wild here,trailing
like a waterfall down to the ground.
---《The Secret Garden》 P15
trailing like a waterfall down to the ground：垂下来就像瀑布倾泻在地上
•I woke feeling as if I had just had anightmare,but somebody slipped an arm gently round me and helped me situp. ---《Jane Eyre》 P10
I had just had a nightmare:好像我做了噩梦一样
I loved being in the water, even though
there was the chance of becoming a shark's dinner. Fish swam before me like
sparkling jewels. Plant life swayed in the gentle currents. I knew I was seeing
things that no other scientist had ever seen.
like sparkling jewels:好像闪闪发光的珠宝一样
---《20,000 Leagues Under the Sea》 P51
Example2: She wasthe most winning thing that ever brought sunshine to a desolate house,mild andgentle as a dove, and with none of her mother’s wild ways about her.
---《Wuthering Heights 》P72
她是把阳光带到一所凄凉的房子里的最讨人喜欢的小东西。可是她并不像她母亲，因为她能像鸽子一样的温顺驯良。
Subject:she Reference:dove Simile marker:as
在这个比喻中，主体是she，喻体是dove，比喻词是as，通过比喻，小凯瑟琳温顺的性格被刻画得栩栩如生。
在典范英语10一套书中，我们还可以发现好多这样的明喻例句，例如
•He left me atthe gates of the Grange,and I staggered up the drive,and went to mystudy,feeling as weak as a kitten. ---《Wuthering Heights 》P12
feeling as weak
as a kitten：身体差
•Heathcliff, coolas a cucumber, made the tea.(None of his servants were in the house,anarrangement made no doubt to fit in with his plan). ---《Wuthering Heights 》P91
cool as a cucumber：非常冷静，泰然自若（尤指在困难情况下）
•Mr Craven is assour as a crab apple. ---《The Secret Garden》 P7
•If anyone inthis house was as sour as a crab apple it was her! ---《The Secret Garden》 P34
as sour as a crab
apple：像沙果一样酸；讨厌的人
•]“He isclever,all right,” Ned agreed.”But he’s also as cold as the icebergs we’resailing past.” ---《20,000 Leagues Under the Sea》P57
as cold as the
icebergs：像冰山一样冷酷
•Professor
Challenger's face went red as a tomato. His beard was bristling. He looked
ready to explode with rage.“Professor
Summerlee!”he bellowed. Your brain is as small as a walnut!Any
fool can see that it is a pterodacty! And there are other prehistoric creatures
living up on that plateau. I bet my life on it!” “But we are scientists, “ came
Professor Summerlee's quiet, dry voice again. ' We need better proof than this.”
---《The Lost World》 P11
face went red as a tomato:脸颊像西红柿一样红
as small as a walnut：像胡桃一样小
1.4隐喻( Metaphor)
隐喻也叫暗喻，是比喻手法的另一种常见的表达方式，表示把某事物比拟成和它有相似关系的另一种事物。在隐喻的句子里都出现本体和喻体，而连接二者的比喻词则常用“是、变成、成为、就是”等汉语词汇来表示，而英语则常用be(am,is,was 或were)等词来表示。我们可以发现，隐喻与明喻的不同点在于，隐喻表现的是本体和喻体之间的一致性，即“甲就是已”。
隐喻不仅言简意赅，而且形象生动、妙趣横生，使语言文字新鲜活泼、意蕴优美，极大地发挥了语言的感染力和说服力，给读者以智慧的启迪与美的享受。
Figureof speech:Metaphor
[if !supportLists]• [endif]A word or phraseused in an imaginative way to describe sb/sth else,in order to show that the twothings have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful,forexampleShe has a heart of stone;the use of such words and phrases.
It consists such elements as subject、reference and simile marker such as am,is,was or
were.
Examples:
The next morning Mary was already buttoning up hercoat when Martha arrived.“You are an early bird!”Martha said.
“Well,I dolike birds!”Mary grinned. ---《The Secret Garden》 P20
第二天早当 Martha进来时玛丽正在穿衣服 。 Martha说“你真的是个早起的人！” “我确实喜欢鸟！”玛丽笑笑。
在典范英语10一套书中，我们还可以发现其他运用暗喻的句子，例如：
•“To go stealingoff like this! It shows what a cunning little fox you are!”
-----《Wuthering Heights》 P73
what a cunning little fox you are：你很狡猾
•He had gloriousrust-coloured hair and blue eyes the colour of the sky.
-----《The Secret Garden》 P27
blue eyes the colour of the sky：她眼睛的颜色和天空的颜色一样
• “I’m learning that whilelife is definitely
safer behind a desk,it’s not so exciting,”Conseil said.
Life behind a
desk:办公室生活
•What will parents do without the electronicbaby-sitter?（如果没有这位电子保姆，父母该怎么办呢？)
形象地说明了电视机的保姆功用。
•... while most
of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are
somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.（……但是我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风，而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光。）
作者把批评比作冷风，把赞扬比作温暖的阳光，生动形象，寓意隽永。
•As Victor Hugo
once said,“ Laughter is the sun that drivers winter from the human face”. (笑是太阳,驱散人脸上的寒冬)
作者把笑比作太阳，用来驱散人们脸上的寒冬，生动形象。
分析语篇中暗喻的作用：
•But by the timeI comforted her, the woman had reconsidered. “ I don’t think I can do it”, shesaid. I was suddenly aware that I had made a far greater offer than I expected.“I know we can do it,” I said. “ I can hold on to you.”She looked down at
the “beast”. Then her eyes came back to mine, looking doubtful. “This hasnever happened to me before,” she said. I felt that her sudden fear connectedwith the escalator’s mechanical nature, which deserved none of human trust.
Beast在这里是一个非常巧妙的隐喻，意思是说电梯就是野兽--没有人性，这里的隐喻把这位老妇人对于电梯的不信任以及恐惧写得惟妙惟肖。
