1、在Model使用sql语句
before_destroy :clean_data
def clean_data
teacher_id = self.id
sql = "delete * from train_teacher where nurse_info_id = #{teacher_id}"
#这个方法是私有方法,必须在Model中使用
ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec(sql)
end
2、数据库的优化
一. N+1 queries 问题
# model
class User < ActieRecord::Base
has_one :car
end
class Car < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :user
end
# your controller
def index
@users = User.page(params[:page])
end
# view
<% @users.each do |user| %>
<%= user.car.name %>
<% end %>
当我们在View中使用user.car.name的时候,会导致N+1 queries(多次查询数据库),假设User有10笔,这程式会产生出11笔Queries,一笔是查
User,另外10笔是一笔一笔去查Car,严重拖慢效能。
SELECT * FROM `users` LIMIT 10 OFFSET 0
SELECT * FROM `cars` WHERE (`cars`.`user_id` = 1)
SELECT * FROM `cars` WHERE (`cars`.`user_id` = 2)
SELECT * FROM `cars` WHERE (`cars`.`user_id` = 3)
...
...
...
SELECT * FROM `cars` WHERE (`cars`.`user_id` = 10)
解决方法,加上includes:
# your controller
def index
@users = User.includes(:car).page(params[:page])
end
如此SQL query就只有两个,只用一个就查出所有Cars资料。
SELECT * FROM `users` LIMIT 10 OFFSET 0
SELECT * FROM `cars` WHERE (`cars`.`user_id` IN('1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8',' 9','10'))
二. 索引
需要加索引的列:
- 外键(Foreign Key)
- 需要排序的列
- 被查询的列
- 会被group的列
三. 使用select
ActiveRecord会将数据库中的所有列取出来,浪费内存。
#只取出id,name,description这些字段
Event.select(:id, :name, :description).limit(10)
四. 使用计数器
在ActiveRecord中经常要计算has_many的Model有多少关联的数据。
<% @topics.each do |topic| %>
主题:<%= topic.subject %>
回复数:<%= topic.posts.size %>
<% end %>
这个时候会产生很多SQL查询。
SELECT * FROM `posts` LIMIT 5 OFFSET 0
SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM `posts` WHERE (`posts`.topic_id = 1 )
SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM `posts` WHERE (`posts`.topic_id = 2 )
SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM `posts` WHERE (`posts`.topic_id = 3 )
SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM `posts` WHERE (`posts`.topic_id = 4 )
SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM `posts` WHERE (`posts`.topic_id = 5 )
使用counter cache会把这个数字存进数据库。必须在Topic这个Model增加一个字段。
rails g migration add_posts_count_to_topic
编辑Migration文件
class AddPostsCountToTopic < ActiveRecord::Migration
def change
add_column :topics, :posts_count, :integer, :default => 0
Topic.pluck(:id).each do |i|
Topic.reset_counters(i, :posts) # 全部重算一次
end
end
end
编辑Model文件,加入counter_cache => true
class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
has_many :posts
end
class Posts < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :topic, :counter_cache => true
end
这样topic.posts.size会自动转化为topic.posts_count
五. 查询优化
如果要查出所有的数据,不要用all,all会一次把所有的数据取到内存中去。
六. 逆正规化