Experience vs Memory 2
Now, I'd like to start with an example of somebody who had a question-and-answer session after one of my lectures reported a story, and that was a story.
ps:现在，我想从一个例子开始，有人在我的一个讲座报告了一个故事之后，进行了问答，那就是一个故事。
Now现在; 目前; 此刻; 从现在开始; 表示厌烦; 既然; 由于
start with以…开始
somebody同 someone; 某人;有人; 重要人物，大人物
session一场; 一节; 一段时间; 开庭，开庭期; 会议，会期; 学年
one of…之一
lectures讲座，讲课，演讲; 教训，训斥，谴责; 开讲座，讲授，讲课; 指责，训斥，告诫; lecture的第三人称单数和复数
reported汇报; 报告; 通报; 报道; 公布; 发表; 宣布; 据说，传闻; report的过去分词和过去式
story故事; 小说; 叙述，描述; 对往事的叙述; 用历史故事画装饰; 讲…的故事; 把…作为故事讲述说谎
He said he'd been listening to a symphony, and it was absolutely glorious music and at the very end of the recording, there was a dreadful screeching sound.
ps:他说他一直在听一首交响乐，那是非常美妙的音乐，在录音的最后，有一种可怕的尖叫声。
said说; 讲; 告诉; 念; 朗诵; 背诵; 表达，表述; say的过去分词和过去式
listening听; 倾听; 听信; 听从; 听着，注意听; listen的现在分词
symphony交响乐; 交响曲
absolutely绝对地，完全地; 绝对不; 完全没有; 极其
glorious值得称道的; 光荣的; 荣耀的; 壮丽的; 辉煌的; 光辉灿烂的; 极其令人愉快的; 极为宜人的
end of结尾; 为某事物的结尾; 末尾
recording录制的音像; 录音; 录像; 录制; 记录，记载; 记录; 记载; 录; 演奏音乐供录制; 灌; record的现在分词
dreadful糟糕透顶的; 讨厌的; 令人不快的; 极其的，极坏的; 可怕的; 令人畏惧的; 使人痛苦的
screeching尖叫; 发出尖锐刺耳的声音; 尖声地说; 发出刺耳声; screech的现在分词
sound声音; 响声; 声; 声响; 音响; 听起来好像; 让人听着好像; 听起来…的; 发出声音，
And then he added, really quite emotionally, it ruined the whole experience.
But it hadn't.
What it had ruined were the memories of the experience.
He had had the experience.
He had had 20 minutes of glorious music.
They counted for nothing because he was left with a memory; the memory was ruined, and the memory was all that he had gotten to keep.
What this is telling us, really, is that we might be thinking of ourselves and of other people in terms of two selves.
ps:事实上，这告诉我们，我们可能在用两个自我来思考自己和他人。
telling强有力的; 有明显效果的; 显著的; 生动的; 显露真实面目的，说明问题的; 告诉; 告知; 提供; 说明; 显示; 讲述; 说; 表达; tell的现在分词
really事实上，真正地，真实地; 确实，的确; 加强形容词或副词的语气
might(may的过去时，用于间接引语)可能，可以; 可能; 可以; 强大力量; 威力
thinking思想; 思考; 思维; 想法; 见解; 思想的; 有理智的; 有思考力的; 认为; 以为; 想; 思索; 琢磨; think的现在分词
ourselves(we的反身形式)我们自己; (用于强调或代替we或us)我们自己，亲自
other people别人；他人；物；旁人
in terms of在…方面;从…角度看;根据…来说
two二
selvesself 的复数
There is an experiencing self, who lives in the present and knows the present, is capable of re-living the past, but basically it has only the present.
ps:有一个体验自我，他生活在当下，知道现在，能够重新生活过去，但基本上它只有现在。
experiencing经历; 经受; 遭受; 感受; 体会; 体验; experience的现在分词
self通常的行为方式，本来面目，惯常心态; 个性; 自我; 个人利益; 一己的享乐; 私心
who谁，什么人; 表示所指的人; 进一步提供有关某人的信息
lives住; 居住; 生存; 活着; live的第三人称单数和life的复数
present现存的; 当前的; 出现; 在场; 出席; 存在; 礼物; 礼品; 目前; 现在; 把…交给; 颁发; 授予; 提出; 提交; 展现，显示，表现
knows知道; 知悉; 了解; 认识到; 懂得; 意识到; 确信; 确知; 肯定; know的第三人称单数
capable of可以…的; 能…的; 易…的; 敢于…的
past过去的; 昔日的; 刚过去的; 刚结束的; 从前的; 以往的; 过去; 昔日; 过去的事情; 过去的经历; 晚于; 在…之后; 在另一边; 到另一侧; 多于; 超过; 从一侧到另一侧; 经过; 过去，逝去
basically大体上; 基本上; 总的说来; 从根本上说
It's the experiencing self that the doctor approaches, you know, when the doctor asks, "Does it hurt now when I touch you here?"
And then there is a remembering self, and the remembering self is the one that keeps score, and maintains the story of our life, and it's the one that the doctor approaches in asking the question, "How have you been feeling lately?" or "How was your trip to Albania?" or something like that.
ps:然后有一个记忆的自我，记忆的自我是一个记分和维持我们生活的故事的自我，这是一个医生问的问题，“你最近感觉如何？”或者“你的阿尔巴尼亚之行怎么样？”或者类似的事情。
remembering回想起; 记得; 记起; 想起; 记住; 把…牢记在心; remember的现在分词
the one【电影】救世主; 平行歼灭战
maintains维持; 保持; 维修; 保养; 坚持; 固执己见; maintain的第三人称单数
approaches靠近，接近; 接洽; 建议; 要求; 接近; 方式，方法，态度; approach的第三人称单数和复数
lately最近; 新近; 近来; 不久前
Albania阿尔巴尼亚
like that那样地
Those are two very different entities, the experiencing self and the remembering self, and getting confused between them is part of the mess about the notion of happiness.
ps:这是两个完全不同的实体，体验自我和记忆自我，混淆两者是幸福概念混乱的一部分。
entities独立存在物; 实体; entity的复数
experiencing经历; 经受; 遭受; 感受; 体会; 体验; experience的现在分词
remembering回想起; 记得; 记起; 想起; 记住; 把…牢记在心; remember的现在分词
confused糊涂的; 迷惑的; 不清楚的; 混乱的; 难懂的; 使糊涂; 使迷惑; 混淆，混同; 使更难于理解; confuse的过去分词和过去式
part of部分
mess about胡闹；弄乱
notion观念; 信念; 理解
happiness幸福; 愉快; 适当; 幸运
Questions：
1.Why does Kahneman provided the samples of a doctor asking questions?
to show the difference between the experiencing and remembering self.
2.Which of the following is correct about remembering self?
it recalls past events.
3.If something is dreadful,
it is awful or unpleasant.
4.Why does Kahneman share the story about the man listening to music?
to highlight the difference between the experiencing self and the remembering self.
5.Which of the following is correct about experiencing self?
It lives largely in the present.
6.The notion of happiness means...
the idea or concept of happiness.
Fill in the blanks:
Those are two very different entities, the experiencing self and the remembering self, and getting confused between them is part of the mess about the notion of happiness.
Now, the remembering self is a storyteller.
ps:现在，记得自己是一个讲故事的人。
Now现在; 目前; 此刻; 从现在开始; 表示厌烦; 既然; 由于
remembering回想起; 记得; 记起; 想起; 记住; 把…牢记在心; remember的现在分词
self通常的行为方式，本来面目，惯常心态; 个性; 自我; 个人利益; 一己的享乐; 私心
storyteller讲故事的人; 故事作者
And that really starts with a basic response of our memories , it starts immediately.
We don't only tell stories when we set out to tell stories.
ps:我们不仅在开始讲故事的时候讲故事。
only仅有的; 唯一的; 最好的; 最适当的; 只; 只有; 仅; 仅在…情况下; 只不过; 仅…而已; 不过; 但是; 可是
tell告诉; 告知; 提供; 说明; 显示; 讲述; 说; 表达; 台形土墩; 讲的话; 谈话; 传闻
stories故事; 小说; 叙述，描述; 对往事的叙述; story的第三人称单数和复数
when什么时候; 何时; 什么情况下; 什么场合下; 在那时; 其时; 当时; 当场; 在…时候; 当…时; 在…期间; 在…之后; 在任何…时候
set out to打算; 着手; 出发去做某事
Our memory tells us stories, that is, what we get to keep from our experiences is a story.
ps:我们的记忆告诉我们故事，也就是说，我们从经历中得到的是一个故事。
Our我们的; 用于称上帝或圣人
memory记忆力; 记性; 记忆所及的时期; 回忆所及的范围; 回忆; 记忆
tells告诉; 告知; 提供; 说明; 显示; 讲述; 说; 表达; tell的第三人称单数和复数
stories故事; 小说; 叙述，描述; 对往事的叙述; story的第三人称单数和复数
that is即; 用于纠正之前说过的内容
what什么; …的事物; 无论什么; 凡是…的事物; 多么; 真; 太
get to开始; 到达，抵达; 抓住；接触，和…取得联系
keep from隐瞒; 阻止；免于; 忍住，戒
experiences经验; 实践; 经历; 阅历; 经历，体验; 经受; 遭受; 感受; 体会; 体验; experience的第三人称单数和复数
story故事; 小说; 叙述，描述; 对往事的叙述; 用历史故事画装饰; 讲…的
And let me begin with one example.
This is an old study.
Those are actual patients undergoing a painful procedure. I won't go into detail.
ps:那些是真正的病人正在接受痛苦的手术。我不详细说。
Those用来对已经提及的事物作补充说明; 人们;人; 那些; 用于提供更多的细节、信息
actual真实的; 实际的; 真正的，…本身
patients接受治疗者，病人; 病人; 受动者; patient的复数
undergoing经历，经受; undergo的现在分词
painful令人疼痛的; 令人痛苦的; 不愉快的; 困难的; 艰难的
procedure程序，手续，步骤; 程序; 手术
won获胜，赢; 赢得，夺取，获得，挣得; 取得; win的过去分词和过去式
It's no longer painful these days, but it was painful when this study was run in the 1990s.
They were asked to report on their pain every 60 seconds.
Here are two patients, those are their recordings.
And you are asked, "Who of them suffered more?"
And it's a very easy question.
Clearly, Patient B suffered more , his colonoscopy was longer, and every minute of pain that Patient A had, Patient B had, and more.
But now there is another question: "How much did these patients think they suffered?"
And here is a surprise.
The surprise is that Patient A had a much worse memory of the colonoscopy than Patient B.
ps:令人惊讶的是，病人A对结肠镜的记忆比病人B差得多。
surprise意想不到的事; 令人惊奇的事; 惊奇; 惊讶; 意外; 出人意表的做事方式; 出奇制胜的策略; 使惊奇; 使诧异; 使感到意外; 出其不意地攻击; 使措手不及; 无意中发现
Patient接受治疗者，病人; 病人; 受动者; 有耐心的; 能忍耐的
much(与不可数名词连用，尤用于否定句; 或与how连用以询问数量; 也可与as、so和too连用)许多，大量，多少; 非常; 更加; 很
worse更差; 更糟; 更坏; 更严重的; 更严厉的; 病情更重; 健康恶化; 更不愉快; 更严重; 更厉害; 更糟的是; 更倒霉的是; 更多的问题; 更坏的消息; bad的比较级; badly的比较级; ill的比较级
memory记忆力; 记性; 记忆所及的时期; 回忆所及的范围; 回忆; 记忆
colonoscopy结肠镜检查
The stories of the colonoscopies were different, and because a very critical part of the story is how it ends.
ps:结肠镜检查的故事是不同的，因为故事的一个非常关键的部分是如何结束的。
stories故事; 小说; 叙述，描述; 对往事的叙述; story的第三人称单数和复数
werebe 的过去时复数和第二人称单数形式; 有时代替 was，用于条件从句、动词 wish 之后等
different不同的; 有区别的; 有差异的; 分别的; 各别的; 各种的; 不平常; 与众不同; 别致
because因为
very很，非常，十分，极; (强调形容词最高级或置于own前)完全，十足; 完全同样; 完全同一; 正是的，恰好的，同一的; 最…的，极端的，十足的; 仅仅的，唯独的，甚至于
critical part主要机件；要害部分
story故事; 小说; 叙述，描述; 对往事的叙述; 用历史故事画装饰; 讲…的故事; 把…作为故事讲述说谎
how怎样; 如何多少，多么，多大
ends终止，终结，结局，结尾; 末端; 尽头; 末梢; 结束; 破灭; 终止; end的第三人称
And neither of these stories is very inspiring or great, but one of them is this distinct, but one of them is distinctly worse than the other.
ps:这两个故事都不是很鼓舞人心或伟大的，但其中一个是如此与众不同，但其中一个明显比另一个更糟糕。
neither两者都不; 也不; 既不…也不…
stories故事; 小说; 叙述，描述; 对往事的叙述; story的第三人称单数和复数
very很，非常，十分，极; (强调形容词最高级或置于own前)完全，十足; 完全同样; 完全同一; 正是的，恰好的，同一的; 最…的，极端的，十足的; 仅仅的，唯独的，甚至于
inspiring鼓舞人心的; 激励的; 启发灵感的; 激励; 鼓舞; 赋予灵感; 引起联想; 启发思考; 使产生; inspire的现在分词
them他们; 她们; 它们; 指性别不详的人时，用以代替him或her
distinct清晰的; 清楚的; 明白的; 明显的; 截然不同的; 有区别的; 不同种类的; 确定无疑的; 确实的; 确切的
one of…之一
distinctly明显地；无疑地，确实地
And the one that is worse is the one where pain was at its peak at the very end; it's a bad story.
ps:更糟糕的是，痛苦在最后达到顶峰；这是一个糟糕的故事。
worse更差; 更糟; 更坏; 更严重的; 更严厉的; 病情更重; 健康恶化; 更不愉快; 更严重; 更厉害; 更糟的是; 更倒霉的是; 更多的问题; 更坏的消息; bad的比较级; badly的比较级; ill的比较级
where在哪里; 到哪里; 处于哪种情形; 在那，到那; 在那里; 在该处; 在该情况下; …的地方; …情况下; 地方; 场所哪里
pain疼痛; 痛苦; 苦恼; 烦恼; 讨厌的人; 令人头痛的人; 使痛苦; 使苦恼
peak顶峰; 高峰; 山峰; 峰峦; 尖形; 尖端; 尖头; 达到高峰; 达到最高值; 最高度的; 高峰时期的; 巅峰状态的
very很，非常，十分，极; (强调形容词最高级或置于own前)完全，十足; 完全同样; 完全同一; 正是的，恰好的，同一的; 最…的，极端的，十足的; 仅仅的，唯独的，甚至于
end终止，终结，结局，结尾; 末端; 尽头; 末梢; 结束; 破灭; 终止
bad令人不快的; 问题成堆的; 坏的; 质量差的; 不合格的; 拙于; 不擅; 不善于; 坏人; 坏事; 很; 非常
story故事; 小说; 叙述，描述; 对往事的叙述; 用历史故事画装饰; 讲
How do we know that?
Because we asked these people after their colonoscopy, and much later, too, "How bad was the whole thing, in total?"
And it was much worse for A than for B, in memory.
Now this is a direct conflict between the experiencing self and the remembering self.
ps:现在这是体验自我和记忆自我之间的直接冲突。
direct直接的; 亲自的; 亲身的; 笔直的; 径直的; 最近的; 直射的; 把…对准; 管理; 监督; 指导; 导演; 指挥; 直接; 径直; 亲自
conflict冲突; 争执; 争论; 战斗; 抵触; 矛盾; 不一致; 冲突，抵触
between在…中间，介于…之间; 在…之间，在…中间; 介于…之间
experiencing经历; 经受; 遭受; 感受; 体会; 体验; experience的现在分词
self通常的行为方式，本来面目，惯常心态; 个性; 自我; 个人利益; 一己的享乐; 私心
remembering回想起; 记得; 记起; 想起; 记住; 把…牢记在心; remember
From the point of view of the experiencing self, clearly, B had a worse time.
Now, what you could do with Patient A, and we actually ran clinical experiments, and it has been done, and it does work , you could actually extend the colonoscopy of Patient A by just keeping the tube in without jiggling it too much.
ps:现在，你可以对病人A做些什么，我们进行了临床实验，已经做过了，而且确实有效，你可以把病人A的结肠镜扩大，只要把管子保持在里面，而不用太摇晃它。
could do with需要;渴望得到
Patient接受治疗者，病人; 病人; 受动者; 有耐心的; 能忍耐的
ran跑; 奔跑; 跑步; 做跑步运动; run的过去式
clinical临床的; 临床诊断的; 冷淡的; 无动于衷的; 无同情心的; 简陋的; 无装饰的
experiments实验; 试验; 尝试; 实践; 做试验; 进行实验; 试用; experiment的第三人称单数和复数
has been已经
extend使伸长; 扩大; 扩展; 延长; 使延期; 扩大…的范围
colonoscopy结肠镜检查
jiggling上下急动，左右摇摆，抖动; jiggle的现在分词
too much过分
That will cause the patient to suffer, but just a little and much less than before.
And if you do that for a couple of minutes, you have made the experiencing self of Patient A worse off, and you have the remembering self of Patient A a lot better off, because now you have endowed Patient A with a better story about his experience.
ps:如果你这样做几分钟，你会让病人的自我体验变得更糟，你会让病人的自我记忆变得更好，因为现在你给了病人一个更好的关于他的经历的故事。
minutes分钟; 分; 一会儿; 一会儿的工夫; 时刻; 将写进会议记录; minute的第三人称单数和复数
experiencing经历; 经受; 遭受; 感受; 体会; 体验; experience的现在分词
Patient接受治疗者，病人; 病人; 受动者; 有耐心的; 能忍耐的
worse off穷困的; 拮据的; 境况不佳的; badly off的比较级
remembering回想起; 记得; 记起; 想起; 记住; 把…牢记在心; remember的现在分词
a lot常; 许多
better off境况较好的
endowed捐钱，捐赠，资助; endow的过去分词和过去式
What defines a story?
And that is true of the stories that memory delivers for us, and it's also true of the stories that we make up.
ps:记忆带给我们的故事也是如此，我们编造的故事也是如此。
stories故事; 小说; 叙述，描述; 对往事的叙述; story的第三人称单数和复数
memory记忆力; 记性; 记忆所及的时期; 回忆所及的范围; 回忆; 记忆
delivers递送; 传送; 交付; 运载; 发表; 宣布; 发布; 履行诺言; 不负所望; 兑现; deliver的第三人称单数
for us对我们有利
also而且; 此外; 也; 同样
true符合事实的; 确实的; 如实的; 实质的，真正的; 名副其实的; 真正的; 笔直地; 不偏不斜地; 直言相告; 实话实说; 真实; 准确
make up和解;和好; 组成; 构成; 编造，虚构; 给…化妆; 为…打扮; 凑足，补
What defines a story are changes, significant moments and endings.
Endings are very, very important and, in this case, the ending dominated.
ps:结尾非常非常重要，在这种情况下，结尾占主导地位。
Endings结尾，结局; 结束; 终结; 最后部分; 词尾; ending的复数
very很，非常，十分，极; (强调形容词最高级或置于own前)完全，十足; 完全同样; 完全同一; 正是的，恰好的，同一的; 最…的，极端的，十足的; 仅仅的，唯独的，甚至于
important重要的; 有重大影响的; 有巨大价值的; 影响很大的; 权威的
in this case既然是这样
ending结尾，结局; 结束; 终结; 最后部分; 词尾; 终止; end的现在分词
dominated支配; 控制; 左右; 影响; 在…中具有最重要的特色; 在…中拥有最重要的位置; 俯视; 高耸于; dominate的过去分词和过去式
Questions:
1.What two variable did the study compare?
patients' perception of pain during and after the procedure.
2.What lesson can be taken away from this study?
people's memory of happiness is not necessarily reflective of reality.
3.What is surprising about this study?
Patient B had a better memory of the procedure than patient A, despite suffering me.
4.What influence the patients' memories of procedure in the study?
the amount of pain at the end.
Read and repeat the sentences:
1.It's no longer painful these days, but it was painful when this study was run in the 1990s.
2.The one that is worse is the one where pain was at its peak at the end.
3 .Endings are very, very important and, in this case, the ending dominated.
