Summary

Errors of Perspective

Chapter 9 explains seven specific errors: poverty of aspect, unwarranted assumptions, the either/or outlook, mindless conformity, absolutism, relativism,and bias for or against change.

（这一章考察了七个具体错误：视角匮乏，无根据的假定，两者择一观念，盲目遵从，绝对主义，相对主义和支持或反对变化的偏见。）

Poverty of Aspect-视角匮乏

解读：意识到自己的思想和经验会有局限性，切忌眼光狭窄。

Unwarranted Assumptions-无根据的假定

解读：在很多情况下，“想当然”就是无根据的假定，尽量避免接受太多的理所当然。

The most common unwarranted assumptions include the following:

The assumption that people’s senses are always trustworthy.

The assumption that if an idea is widely reported, it must be true.

The assumption that having reasons proves that we have reasoned logically.

The assumption that familiar ideas are more valid than unfamiliar ones.

The assumption that if one event follows another in time, it must have been caused by the other.

The assumption that every event or phenomenon has a single cause.

The assumption that the majority view is the correct view.

The assumption that the way things are is the way they should be.

The assumption that change is always for the better.

The assumption that appearances are trustworthy.

The assumption that if an idea is in our mind it is our own idea and deserves to be defended.

The assumption that the stronger our conviction about an idea, the more valid the idea.

The assumption that if we find an error in someone’s argument, we have disproved the argument.

The Either/or Outlook-两者择一观念

解读：当作者用到“要么...要么...”来表达原因时，要意识到可能原因不止这两个。

Mindless Conformity-盲目遵从

解读：不要盲从，自己认为是合理的、正确的内容才值得相信，大多数人都支持的观点不一定是正确的。

Absolutism-绝对主义

解读：事情都有例外。

Relativism-相对主义

解读：出现了例外情况也不能全然否定原有观点。

Bias For or Against Change-支持或反对变化的偏见

解读：接受变化，承认变化的存在，但要辩证性地看待变化。

Errors of Procedure

Chapter 10 illustrates the kinds of errors that occur in the process of addressing specific issues: biased consideration of evidence, double standard, hasty conclusion, overgeneralization and stereotyping, over simplification,and the post hoc fallacy.

（解决具体问题过程中的那类错误：有偏见的证据考量，双重标准，草率的结论，过度概括和刻板成见，过度简单化和事后归因谬误。）

Biased Consideration of Evidence-有偏见的证据考量

解读：偏见不可避免，所以除了聆听支持你偏见的观点，也要听一听反对的人的意见。

Double Standard-双重标准

解读：先制定一个标准，站在平等的角度考虑问题。

Hasty Conclusion-草率的结论

解读：在掌握充分的证据前，不要草率地给出结论。

Overgeneralization and Stereotyping-过度概括和刻板成见

解读：过度概括是以少数个例概括整个群体，刻板成见也是一种过度概括。

Over Simplification-过度简单化

解读：简单化不是错，怕的是歪曲或扭曲，将复杂的过程简化为简单的公式。

The Post Hoc Fallacy-事后归因谬误

解读：B在A发生后发生并不意味着A是B的原因，时间的先后和因果没有必然联系，很有可能是巧合。

Thought

Imagine that you wear eyeglasses with serious distortions in the lenses but are unaware of the problem. You have every reason to believe that the people, places, and things you look at are as they appear, whereas in reality they are quite different. When you share your perceptions with others and they challenge them, you are surprised at first, puzzled at their inability to see the world as clearly as you do. Eventually you either stop communicating with others or become more assertive, hoping by the sheer force of your expression to solve what you are convinced is their problem.

前提：你带了一个严重扭曲的眼镜，但却没有意识到这个问题。

结果：你惊讶、质疑周围人的世界观，感到困惑不已。于是要么不再和其他人交流，要么变得更加武断。

解决办法：换“一副眼镜”，换一个立场，想想为什么你看到的世界和其他人不同。是大多数人的问题，还是你的问题？