学习资料:赖氏经典英语语法
<a id="noun">名词作主语</a>
例:
Gold is of much value.
----
(黄金很值钱。)
<a id="gerund">动名词作主语</a>
用动名词作主语,通常用以表示 已知的事实 或 曾经做过的经历,例:
Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.
-----------------
(集邮是他的爱好之一。)
<a id="infinitive">不定式作主语</a>
用不定式作主语,通常表示一种 意愿、目的 或 未完成的事。例:
To study abroad is my greatest desire.
---------------
(出国读书是我最大的愿望。)
<a id="noun_clauses">名词性从句作主语</a>
句子绝不能当主语,一定要变成名词性从句方可作主语。例:
That he doesn't study makes me angry.
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(他不学习令我生气。)
名词性从句一共有三种:
<a id="that_clauses">1)that 从句</a>
任何一个主语起首的句子前面冠以 that,即成 that 从句,例:
He doesn't believe my words.(句子)
--
-> that he doesn't believe my words(名词性从句)
----
(他不相信我说的话)
注意:that 从句 不可 作介词的宾语,例:
I am sure of that the team has won the game.(✘)
-- ------------------------------
遇有介词,且非要使用 that 从句时,方法如下:
<a id="the_fact_that">a)介词 + the fact + that 从句</a>
如此,就可用 the fact 作介词的宾语,而 that 从句就成了 the fact 的同位语,例:
I am worried about the fact that he doesn't study.
----- -------- ---------------------
(我担心他不学习。)
<a id="gerund_that">b)that 后的主语变成所有格,动词变成动名词,把 that 去掉</a>
例:
I am worried about that he plays around all day.(✘)
-> I am worried about his playing around all day.
----- --- -------
(我为他整天游手好闲而担心。)
that 从句若有助动词 do、dose、did 或 will、would 时,予以去掉即可,例:
I am worried about that he doesn't study.(✘)
-> I am worried about his not studying.
----- --- --- --------
(我担心他不学习。)
that 从句若有 may 或 can 助动词时,将主语变所有格,并做如下变化:
may -> being likely to
can -> being able to
I am happy about that he may come.(✘)
-> I am happy about his being likely to come.
----- --- ---------------
(我很高兴他可能会来。)
I am sure of that he can do it.(✘)
-> I am sure of his being able to do it.
-- --- -------------
(我确定他能做这件事。)
<a id="adj_that">c)be + adj. + that 从句</a>
去掉介词,将 that 从句放在形容词后面,做其宾语。
I am worried about that he plays around all day.(✘)
-> I am worried that he plays around all day.
------- ----------------------------
(我为他整天游手好闲而担心。)
注意:
有时介词之后亦可直接接 that 从句,形成惯用语,而不需加 the fact。
in that = because 因为
例:
He is talented in that he can speak five different languages.
(他很有才华,因为他能说五种语言。)
except that 只可惜;除了……
例:
He is nice except that sometimes he lies.
(他人很不错,只可惜有时会说谎。)
notwithstanding that 尽管
= despite the fact that
= in spite of the fact that
例:
Notwithstanding that he is nice, I don't like him.
= Despite the fact that he is nice, I don't like him.
= In spite of the fact that he is nice, I don't like him.
(尽管他人好,我却不喜欢他。)
<a id="wheter_clauses">2)whether 从句</a>
本从句是由一般疑问句(可用 yes / no 回答的问句)
变化而成。
a)问句有 be 动词时
主语与 be 动词还原,前面冠以 whether,例:
Is he happy?(问句)
-----
-> whether he is happy(名词性从句)
-------------
(他是否快乐)
b)问句有一般助动词(can、will、may、should、ought to、must、have)时
主语与助动词还原,前面冠以 whether,例:
Can he do it?(问句)
------
-> whether he can do it(名词性从句)
-------------
(他是否能做这件事)
c)问句有do、does、did 等助动词时
主语与助动词还原,再将 do、does、did 去掉,后面的动词依人称和时态变化,前面冠以 whether,例:
Did he come?
------
-> whether he came(他是否来了)
------- ----
(did 为一般过去时,故 come 改为过去式 came)
<a id="interrogative_clauses">3)疑问词从句</a>
本从句是由特殊疑问句(由when、what、how、where、why)
等引导的问句变化而成。
a)问句有 be 动词时
主语与 be 动词还原,前面保留疑问词,例:
What is he doing?(问句)
---- -----
-> what he is doing(名词性从句)
---- -----
(他正在做什么?)
b)问句有一般助动词(can、will、may、should、ought to、must、have)时
主语与助动词还原,前面保留疑问词,例:
Where can he find it?(问句)
----- ------
-> where he can find it(名词性从句)
----- ------
(他在哪里能找到它?)
c)问句有do、does、did 等助动词时
主语与助动词还原,前面保留疑问词,再将 do、does、did 去掉,动词依人称和时态变化,例:
What did he write?
---- ------
-> what he wrote?
---- -----
(did 为一般过去时,故 write 改为过去式 wrote)
注意:
疑问代词 who、what、which 在问句中作主语,变成名词性从句时,结构不变。
例:
Who came here?(问句)
---
-> who came here(名词性从句)
---
<a id="pronoun">代词作主语</a>
例:
He always keeps his promise.
--
(他总是信守承诺。)
动名词、不定式短语或名词性从句作主语时,往往会形成主语太长的现象,故通常用代词 it 作形式主语,置于聚首,而将真正主语(即动名词、不定式或名词性从句)
移至句尾。
- 动名词移至句尾时,通常改为不定式短语。例:
Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.
-----------------
= It is one of his hobbies to collect stamps.
-- -----------------
- 不定式短语作主语时,直接移至句尾。例:
To study abroad is my greatest desire.
---------------
= It is my greatest desire to study abroad.
-- ---------------
- 名词性从句作主语时,直接移至句尾。例:
Where he lives is still in doubt.
--------------
= It is still in doubt where he lives.
-- --------------
特殊用法:
It is no use + 动名词短语
= It is useless + 不定式短语
= It is of no use + 不定式短语
= There is no use/sense/point in + 动名词短语
例:
It is useless to cry over spilt milk.
= It is of no use to cry over spilt milk.
= There is no use in crying over spilt milk.
(覆水难收。)
<a id="noun_phrase">名词短语作主语</a>
名词短语是由 “疑问词 + 不定式短语” 形成。
疑问副词
- where to live(住哪里)
- whether to try again(是否再试一次)
- when to talk to him(什么时候和他谈)
- how to do it(如何做那事)
注意:why 不能形成名词短语,只能作疑问词从句
疑问代词
- what to do(做什么)
- whom to see(看谁)
- which to buy(买哪一个)
- whom to talk to(与谁谈)
例:
How to handle the problem depends on how much money we can collect.
-------------------------
(我们如何处理这问题要视我们能募集到多少钱而定。)
Which to buy is not decided yet.
------------
(买哪一个还没决定。)
<a id="adverbial_phrase">表距离或时间的副词短语</a>
表示距离或时间的副词短语,亦可作主语,与单数的 be 动词连用。
from + 地方名词 + to + 地方名词
from + 时间 + to / till + 时间
例:
From Shanghai to Beijing is about 1000 kilometers.
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= It is about 1000 kilometers from Shanghai to Beijing.
-- ------------------------
(从上海到北京大约1000公里。)
From 1990 till 2003 is a long period of time.
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= It is a long period of time from 1990 till 2003.
-- -------------------
(从1990年到2003年是一段很长的时间。)