C++的placement new操作
什么是placement new操作
我们知道C++的new操作符会创建一个对象,他完成两步操作:
- 分配对象内存。
- 调用对象类的构造函数创建对象。
通常分配的内存是在堆中。
但是有些场景下,我们预先已经分配了内存,想要在已知的内存上创建对象怎么办呢?就是说我就要一个对象创建在这个内存地址,placement new就是实现这个目的的。其语法:
Object * p = new (address) ClassConstruct(...)
应用场景
在进程间使用共享内存的时候,C++的placement new经常被用到。例如主进程分配共享内容,然后在共享内存上创建C++类对象,然后从进程直接attach到这块共享内容,拿到类对象,直接访问类对象的变量和函数。
通过下面的例子来说明:
- 主进程以server的方式启动
- 分配共享内存
- 在共享内存上通过placement new创建对象SHMObj
- 从进程以普通方式启动
- attach到主进程的共享内存
- 拿到代表SHMObj对象的指针。
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <new>
#define SHM_KEY 0x3887
class SHMObj {
private:
int count;
public:
SHMObj() : count(100) {}
void increase() { count++; print(); }
void decrease() { count--; print(); }
void print() { printf("count=[%d]\n", count); }
};
static int shm_id = 0;
static void * shm_addr = NULL;
static SHMObj * shm_object = NULL;
static int attach(bool server) {
shm_id = shmget(SHM_KEY, sizeof(SHMObj), server ? (IPC_CREAT | 0660) : 0660);
if (shm_id < 0) {
printf("ERROR: attach(%d), errno=[%d],strerror=[%s]\n", server, errno, strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
if ((shm_addr = (struct shm_content *)shmat(shm_id, (void *)0, 0)) == NULL) {
printf("ERROR: attach(%d), errno=[%d],strerror=[%s]\n", server, errno, strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
printf("SUCC: attach(%d), key=[0x%x],id=[0x%x],address=[0x%x],object=[0x%x]\n", server, SHM_KEY, shm_id, shm_addr, shm_object);
}
static int dettach() {
if (shmdt(shm_addr) != 0) {
printf("ERROR: dettach(), errno=[%d],strerror=[%s]\n", errno, strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
if (shmctl(shm_id, IPC_RMID, NULL) < 0) {
printf("ERROR: dettach(), errno=[%d],strerror=[%s]\n", errno, strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
static int create(bool server) {
if (server) {
if ((shm_object = new (shm_addr) SHMObj()) == NULL) {
printf("ERROR: attach(), errno=[%d],strerror=[%s]\n", errno, strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
}
else {
//shm_object = (SHMObj *)(shm_addr);
shm_object = reinterpret_cast<SHMObj *>(shm_addr);
}
printf("SUCC: create(%d), address=[0x%x],object=[0x%x]\n", server, shm_addr, shm_object);
return 0;
}
static int increase() {
if (shm_object != NULL) {
shm_object->increase();
}
else {
printf("ERROR: increase(), call attach firstly\n");
}
}
static int decrease() {
if (shm_object != NULL) {
shm_object->decrease();
}
else {
printf("ERROR: increase(), call attach firstly\n");
}
}
static int print() {
if (shm_object != NULL) {
shm_object->print();
}
else {
printf("ERROR: print(), call attach firstly\n");
}
}
void help() {
printf("attach : \n");
printf("dettach : \n");
printf("create : \n");
printf("increase: \n");
printf("decrease: \n");
printf("print : \n");
printf("quit : quit program\n");
}
int parseCommand(char * cmd, char * argv[]) {
const char sep[3] = " \n";
char *token = strtok(cmd, sep);
int i = 0;
while (token != NULL) {
argv[i++] = token;
token = strtok(NULL, sep);
}
return i;
}
int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
char cmdbuffer[1024];
char * cmds[10]; /** max parameters count */
int i = 0;
while (1) {
printf("CMD> ");
fgets(cmdbuffer, 1024, stdin);
i = parseCommand(cmdbuffer, cmds);
if (i > 0) {
if (strcmp(cmds[0], "quit") == 0) {
break;
}
else if (strcmp(cmds[0], "attach") == 0) {
attach(argc > 1 && strcmp(argv[1],"server") == 0);
}
else if (strcmp(cmds[0], "dettach") == 0) {
dettach();
}
else if (strcmp(cmds[0], "create") == 0) {
create(argc > 1 && strcmp(argv[1],"server") == 0);
}
else if (strcmp(cmds[0], "increase") == 0) {
increase();
}
else if (strcmp(cmds[0], "decrease") == 0) {
decrease();
}
else if (strcmp(cmds[0], "print") == 0) {
print();
}
else if (strcmp(cmds[0], "help") == 0) {
help();
}
else {
printf("unknown command: %s\n", cmds[0]);
}
}
}
return 0;
}
运行
主进程:
$ ./main server
CMD> attach
SUCC: attach(1), key=[0x3887],id=[0x1a8004],address=[0xe7b59000],object=[0x0]
CMD> create
SUCC: create(1), address=[0xe7b59000],object=[0xe7b59000]
CMD> print
count=[100]
CMD> increase
count=[101]
CMD> increase
count=[102]
CMD> print
count=[102]
CMD>
从进程:
$ ./main
CMD> attach
SUCC: attach(0), key=[0x3887],id=[0x1a8004],address=[0xa1126000],object=[0x0]
CMD> create
SUCC: create(0), address=[0xa1126000],object=[0xa1126000]
CMD> print
count=[102]
CMD>
从这个例子我们看到对象shm_object在主进程里面被创建(placement new),但是在从进程里面并没有创建,而是直接从共享内存里面解析出来,然后直接访问类成员和函数。
需要注意的是,创建出来的对象的地址就是共享内存的地址,就是基于这个属性,我们的功能才能实现。也就是说:
Object * p = new (address) ClassConstruct(...)
返回p的值,和输入地址address的值是相同的。