8 functors/functor objects
8.1 conception of functor
functor,是定义了operator()的对象。
eg:
FunctionObjectType fo;
// ...
fo(...)
其中fo()调用仿函数fo的operator()而非函数fo()。
可将functor视为一般函数,但更复杂,eg:
class FunctonObjectType
{
public:
void operator() (){ // statements }
};
functor定义形式复杂,但优点:
1. functor较一般函数更灵巧。因为functor可有两个状态不同的实体。
2.functor有其类型,故可将其类型作为template参数。
3. functor执行速度更快。
8.1.1 functor作sort criteria
/* 需将某些class objects以已序形式置于容器中。
* 但或不想或不能,总之无法使用一般的operator<来排序。
* 要以某种特定规则(常基于某些成员函数)来排序,此时可用functor。
*/
// fo/sort1.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <set>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
class Person
{
public:
string firstname() const;
string lastname() const;
// ...
};
/* class fot function predicate
* -operator() returns whether a person is less than another person
*/
class PersonSortCriterion
{
public:
bool operator() (const Person& p1, const Person& p2) const
{
/* a person is less than another person
* - if the last name is less
* - if the last name is equal and the first name is less
*/
return p1.lastname() < p2.lastname() ||
(!(p2.lastname() < p1.lastname()) &&
p1.firstname() < p2.firstname() );
}
};
int main()
{
// declare set type with special sorting criterion
typedef set<Person, PersonSortCriterion> PersonSet;
// create such a collection
PersonSet col1;
//...
// do something with the elements
PersonSet::iterator pos;
for(pos = col1.begin(); pos != col1.end(); ++pos)
{
//...
}
// ...
}
前面有相关代码,可参考p199。
8.1.2 拥有internal state的functor
// 展示functor 模拟函数在同一时刻下拥有多个状态
// fo/genera1.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <algorithm>
#include "../stl/print.hpp"
using namespace std;
class IntSequence
{
private:
int value;
public:
// constructor
IntSequence (int initialValue) : value(initialValue){}
// "function call"
int operator() ()
{
return value++;
}
};
int main()
{
list<int> col1;
// insert value from 1 to 9
generate_n (back_inserter(col1), // start
9, // number of elements
IntSequence(1) ); // generate values
PRINT_ELEMENTS(col1);
// replace second to last element but one with values
// starting at 42
generate (++col1.begin(), // start
--col1.end(), // end
IntSequence(42) ); // generate values
PRINT_ELEMENTS(col1);
}
output:functor是passed by value,而不是passed by reference: passed by value优点是可传递常量或临时表达式,缺点不能改变随参数而来最终的functor state。
有两种办法从“运行了functor”的算法中获得结果:
- by reference方式传递functor。
- 使用for_each()。(见下一节)
// fo/genera2.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <algorithm>
#include "../stl/print.hpp"
using namespace std;
class IntSequence
{
private:
int value;
public:
// constructor
IntSequence(int initialValue) : value(initialValue){}
// "function call"
int operator() ()
{
return value++;
}
};
int main()
{
list<int> col1;
IntSequence seq(1); // integral sequence starting with 1
// insert value from 1 to 4
// - pass function object by reference
// so that it will continue with 5
generate_n<back_insert_iterator<list<int> >,
int, IntSequence& >(back_inserter(col1) , // start
4, // number of elements
seq); // generate values
PRINT_ELEMENTS(col1);
// insert values from 42 to 45
generate_n(back_inserter(col1), // start
4, // number of elements
IntSequence(42)); // generates values
PRINT_ELEMENTS(col1);
// continue with first sequence
// - pass function object by value
// so that it will continue with 5 again
generate_n(back_inserter(col1), 4,seq);
PRINT_ELEMENTS(col1);
// continue with first sequence again
generate_n(back_inserter(col1), 4, seq);
PRINT_ELEMENTS(col1);
}
output:8.1.3 for_each()返回值
for_each()可以返回其functor,其它算法都无该特性。
// 使用for_each()返回值,处理一个序列的平均值
// fo/foreach3.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
// function object to process the mean value
class MeanValue
{
private:
long num; // num of elements
long sum; // sum of all element values
public:
// constructor
MeanValue() : num(0), sum(0){}
// "function call"
// - process one more elements of the sequence
void operator() (int elem)
{
num++; // increment
sum += elem; // add value
}
// return mean value
double value()
{
return static_cast<double>(sum)/static_cast<double>(num);
}
};
int main()
{
vector<int> col1;
// insert elements from 1 to 8
for(int i = 1; i <= 8; ++i)
{
col1.push_back(i);
}
// process and print mean value
MeanValue mv = for_each(col1.begin(), col1.end(), MeanValue());
cout << "mean value: " << mv.value() << endl;
}
程序说明:返回的functor被赋值给mv,故可调用mv.value()查询其状态。
output:8.1.4 predicates && functors
predicate,即返回bool值的一个函数或functor,但对STL而言并非所有返回bool的函数都是合法的predicate。
// fo/removeif.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <algorithm>
#include "../stl/print.hpp"
using namespace std;
class Nth
{ // function object that returns true for the nth call
private:
int nth; // call for which to return true
int count;
public:
Nth(int n) : nth(n), count(0){}
bool operator() (int)
{
return ++count == nth;
}
};
int main()
{
list<int> col1;
// insert elements from 1 to 9
for (int i = 1; i <= 9; ++i)
{
col1.push_back(i);
}
PRINT_ELEMENTS(col1, "col1: ");
// remove third element
list<int>::iterator pos;
pos = remove_if(col1.begin(), col1.end(), Nth(3));
col1.erase(pos, col1.end());
PRINT_ELEMENTS(col1, "nth removed: ");
}
output:结果及说明:
结果删除了第3和第6个元素,
原因在于remove_if()标准实现内部保留predicate的一份副本:
template <class ForwIter, class Predicate>
ForwIter std::remove_if(ForwIter beg, ForwIter end, Predicate op)
{
beg = find_if(beg, end, op);
if (beg == end)
{
return beg;
}
else
{
ForwIter next = beg;
return remove_copy_if(++next, end, beg, op);
}
}
remove_if()使用find_if()来查找应被移除的第一个元素,
然后使用predicate op的副本处里剩余的元素,
故原始状态的Nth再次被调用,即会移除剩余元素的第三个元素。
由上,predicate不应该因为被调用而改变自身状态。
当然,避免上述问题可改变下remove_if()的标准实现:
beg = find_if(beg, end, op); 语句替换为
while(beg != end && !op(*beg)){ ++beg;}
8.2 预定义的functor
使用这些functors,须#include <functional>
bind1st(op, para)指将para绑定到op的第一个参数,bind2nd(op,para)指将para绑定到op的第二个参数。(可见p311的fopow1.cpp)
8.2.1 function adapter(函数配接器)
function adapter指能 将functor和另一个functor(或某个值或一般函数)结合起来的functor。function adapter也声明于<functional>。
functional compositon(功能复合、函数复合):把多个functor结合起来形成强大的表达式。
8.2.2 对成员函数设计的函数配接器
C++标准库提供了一些额外的函数配接器,通过它们,可对群集内每个元素调用其成员函数。
eg:
// 利用mem_fun_ref,对vector内每个对象调用其成员函数
// fo/memfun1a.cpp
class Person
{
private:
std::string name;
public:
// ...
void print() const
{
std::cout << name << std::endl;
}
void printWithPrefix (std::string prefix) const
{
std::cout << prefix << name << std::endl;
}
};
void foo(const std::vector<Person>& col1)
{
using std::for_each;
using std::bind2nd;
using std::mem_fun_ref;
// call member function print() for each element
for_each(col1.begin(), col1.end(),
mem_fun_ref(&Person::print));
// call member function printWithPrefix() for each element
// - "person: " is passed as an argument to the member function
for_each(col1.begin(), col1.end(),
bind2nd(mem_fun_ref(&Person::printWithPrefix), "person: ") );
}
不能直接把一个成员函数传给算法,for_each()会针对第三参数传来的指针调用operator() 而非调用该指针所指的函数(可见p126的for_each()实现)。用配接器会将operator()调用操作做适当转换。
eg:
for_each(col1.begin, col1.end(), &Person::print);
// error:can't call operator() for a member function potiner
8.2.3 对一般函数设计的函数配接器
bool check(int elem);
pos = find_if(col1.begin(), col1.end(),
not1(ptr_fun(check) ) ); // 查找第一个令检验失败的元素
pos = find_if (col1.begin(), col1.end(),
bind2nd(ptr_fun(strcmp), "") ) ;
// 采用strcmp()将每个元素与空的C-string比较。
8.2.4 user-defined functor使用function adapter
若希望user-defined functor能和function adapter搭配使用,须满足一些条件:提供类型成员反映其参数和返回值类型。
C++标准库提供了一些结构:
template <class Arg, class Result>
struct unary_function
{
typedef Arg argument_type;
typedef Result result_type;
};
template <class Arg1, class Arg2, class Result>
struct binary_function
{
typedef Arg1 first_argument_type;
typedef Arg2 second_argument_type;
typedef Result result_type;
};
如此只要继承上述某种形式,即可满足adaptable条件。
eg:
// fo/fopow.hpp
#include <funcitonal>
#include <cmath>
template <class T1, class T2>
struct fopow : public std::binary_function<T1, T2, T1>
{
T1 operator() (T1 base, T2 exp) const
{
return std::pow(base, exp);
}
};
// fo/fopow1.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>
using namespace std;
#include "fopow.hpp"
int main()
{
vector<int> col1;
for (int i = 1; i <= 9; ++i)
{
col1.push_back(i);
}
// print 3 raised to the power of all elements
transform(col1.begin(), col1.end(),
ostream_iterator<int>(cout, " "),
bind1st(fopow<float,int>(), 3));
cout << endl;
// print all elements raised to the power of 3
transform(col1.begin(), col1.end(),
ostream_iterator<int>(cout, " "),
bind2nd(fopow<float,int>(), 3));
cout << endl;
}
output:8.3 组合型functor
一般而言,所有函数行为都可由functor组合实现。但C++标准库未提供足够的配接器来实现。
理论上,下面的compose adapter(组合型配接器)很有用。
f( g(elem) )
一元判别式g()结果作为一元判别式f()参数。
f( g(elem1, elem2) )
二元判别式g()结果作为一元判别式f()参数。
f( g(elem1), h(elem2) )
一元判别式g()和h()的结果作为二元判别式f()的参数。
但上述compose adapter未被纳入标准。书中作者自定义名称:
8.3.1 unary compose function object adapter
-
以compose_f_gx进行nested(嵌套)计算
compose_f_gx在SGI STL实现版本称为compose1,compose_f_gx的可实现如下:
// fo/compose11.hpp
#include <functional>
/* class for the compose_f_gx adapter */
template <class OP1, class OP2>
class compose_f_gx_t :
public std::unary_function<typename OP2::argument_type, typename OP1::result_type>
{
private:
OP1 op1; // process: op1(op2(X))
OP2 op2;
public:
// constructor
compose_f_gx_t(const OP1& o1, const OP2& o2) : op1(o1), op2(o2){}
// function call
typename OP1::result_type
operator() (const typename OP2::argument_type& x) const
{
return op1(op2(X));
}
};
/* conveniences functions for the compose_f_gx adapter */
template <class OP1, class OP2>
inline compose_f_gx_t<OP1, OP2>
compose_f_gx (const OP1& o1, const OP2& o2)
{
return compose_f_gx_t<OP1, OP2>(o1, o2);
}
// 对一个序列的每个元素先 加10 再乘5
// fo/compose1.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <iterator>
#include "../stl/print.hpp"
#include "compose11.hpp"
using namespace std;
int main()
{
vector<int> col1;
// insert elements from 1 to 9
for (int i = 1; i <= 9; ++i)
{
col1.push_back(i);
}
PRINT_ELEMENTS(col1);
// for each element add 10 and multiply by 5
transform (col1.begin(), col1.end(),
ostream_iterator<int>(cout, " "),
compose_f_gx(bind2nd(multiplies<int>(), 5),
bind2nd(plus<int>(), 10) ) );
cout << endl;
}
output:-
以compose_f_gx_hx组合两个准则
compose_f_gx_hx在SGI STL实现版本称为compose2,compose_f_gx_hx可实现如下:
// fo/compose21.hpp
#include <functional>
/* class for the compose_f_gx_hx adapter */
template <class OP1, class OP2, class OP3>
class compose_f_gx_hx_t :
public std::unary_function<typename OP2::argument_type, typename OP1::result_type>
{
private:
OP1 op1; // process: op1(op2(x), op3(x))
OP2 op2;
OP3 op3;
public:
// constructor
compose_f_gx_gx_t (const OP1& o1, const OP2& o2, const OP3& o3) :
op1(o1), op2(o2), op3(o3){}
// function call
typename OP1::result_type
operator() (const typename OP2::argument& x) const
{
return op1(op2(x), op3(x));
}
};
/* convenience functions for the compose_f_gx_hx adapter */
template <class OP1, class OP2, class OP3>
inline compose_f_gx_hx_t<OP1, OP2, OP3>
compose_f_gx_hx (const OP1& o1, const OP2& o2, const OP3& o3)
{
return compose_f_gx_hx_t<OP1, OP2, OP3>(o1, o2, o3);
}
// 删除序列中大于4且小于7 的元素
// fo/compose2.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include "../stl/print.hpp"
#include "compose21.hpp"
using namespace std;
int main()
{
vector<int> col1;
// insert elements from 1 to 9
for (int i = 1; i <= 9; ++i)
{
col1.push_back(i);
}
PRINT_ELEMENTS(col1);
// remove all elements that are greater than four and less than seven
// - retain new end
vector<int>::iterator pos;
pos = remove_if(col1.begin(), col1.end(),
compose_f_gx_hx(logical_and<bool>(),
bind2nd(greater<int>(), 4),
bind2nd(less<int>(),7) ) );
// remove "removed" elements in col1
col1.erase(pos, col1.end());
PRINT_ELEMENTS(col1);
}
output:8.3.2 binary compose function object adapters
二元组合函数配接器,可将两个一元运算(分别接受不同参数)的结果加以处理,称之为compose_f_gx_hy,可能的实现如下:
// fo/compose22.hpp
#include <functional>
/* class for the compose_f_gx_hy adapter */
template <class OP1, class OP2, class OP3>
class compose_f_gx_hy_t :
public std::binary_function<typename OP2::argument_type,
typename OP3::argument_type,
typename OP1::result_type>
{
private:
OP1 op1; // process: op1(op2(x), op3(y))
OP2 op2;
OP3 op3;
public:
// constructor
compose_f_gx_hy_t(const OP1& o1, const OP2& o2, const OP3& o3) :
op1(o1), op2(o2), op3(o3){}
// function call
typename OP1::result_type
operator() (const typename OP2::argument_type& x,
const typename OP3::argument_type& y) const
{
return op1(op2(x), op3(y));
}
};
/* convenience function for the compose_f_gx_hy adapter */
template <class OP1, class OP2, class OP3>
inline compose_f_gx_hy_t<OP1, OP2, OP3>
compose_f_gx_hy(const OP1& o1, const OP2& o2, const OP3& o3)
{
return compose_f_gx_hy_t<OP1,OP2, OP3>(o1, o2, o3);
}
// fo/compose22.hpp
#include <functional>
/* class for the compose_f_gx_hy adapter */
template <class OP1, class OP2, class OP3>
class compose_f_gx_hy_t :
public std::binary_function<typename OP2::argument_type,
typename OP3::argument_type,
typename OP1::result_type>
{
private:
OP1 op1; // process: op1(op2(x), op3(y))
OP2 op2;
OP3 op3;
public:
// constructor
compose_f_gx_hy_t(const OP1& o1, const OP2& o2, const OP3& o3) :
op1(o1), op2(o2), op3(o3){}
// function call
typename OP1::result_type
operator() (const typename OP2::argument_type& x,
const typename OP3::argument_type& y) const
{
return op1(op2(x), op3(y));
}
};
/* convenience function for the compose_f_gx_hy adapter */
template <class OP1, class OP2, class OP3>
inline compose_f_gx_hy_t<OP1, OP2, OP3>
compose_f_gx_hy(const OP1& o1, const OP2& o2, const OP3& o3)
{
return compose_f_gx_hy_t<OP1,OP2, OP3>(o1, o2, o3);
}
output:除p319,p499有“大小写无关”子串查找但未用compose_f_gx_hy。