2017年8月23日
那么天赋呢?
书读到这里,作者观点已经基本明确,正是由于那些杰出人士的长期的,有目的的,投入专注的刻意练习才让他们走上了其领域之巅。那么那些天赋呢?人的基因差异,天赋存在吗?为什么有些人不怎么努力却比别人优秀?为什么有些人怎么努力都做不好?
作者通过研究破解小提琴天才帕格尼尼,音乐家莫扎特,天才跳高运动员唐纳德·托马斯以及自闭症天才之谜,给我们持续时间最久、也最根深蒂固的一种信念----在确定人们的能力时,天生的才华发挥着重要作用----提出了一种完全不同的解释,有的人为什么最终能够培养比别人更强的能力?实际上,刻意练习在其中发挥着主要作用,没有捷径可走。
但是作者并没有否认天赋或者基因智商的差别。确实通过大量的实验研究,智商这些所谓的内在天赋确实会在学习某种技能的初期起到一定的作用,智商高的孩子确实会比智商低的孩子在学习接受时间能力上要跟赶快更轻松,学的也更好,但是一定要注意“初期”这两个字,我们知道任何一项技能要想达到大师级的水平,无不需要经过长期艰苦的刻意训练,在这一漫长的过程中,最初的基因的差别会变得越来越微乎其微,真正决定能否走到最后卓越水平的恰恰是多年的刻意练习的投入。经过对那些世界顶级国际象棋大师的大脑分析,竟然发现在在我们眼里通常是高智商代表的国际象棋大师的智商竟然和你我差不多,你可能认为,围棋高手的智商一定更高些,但你又错了。最近对围棋高手的研究表明,他们的平均智商实际上还低于普通人。围棋高手的平均智商为93,同样,对世界顶级的音乐家的大脑分析也同样的结果,那些世界最优秀的音乐家的IQs就是普通人的智商。
This study goes a long way toward explaining the apparent contradicion between teh earlier studies , which had found that IQ was linked with greater chess skill in young players but not in adult tournament players and not in masters and grandmasters.
当孩子刚刚开始学习国际象棋时,他们的智商在他们可以多快地学习下棋并达到一定的棋力方面发挥着作用。智力测验分数较高的孩子,通常觉得更容易学会和记住国际象棋的规则,并构思和执行相应的战术,所有这些,使得他们在学下棋的早期阶段占据了优势,那时,他们可以把抽象思维直接应用到棋盘之上。
随着孩子(或成年人)学习下国际象棋,他们也创建了一系列的心理表征,使得他们既能很好地记住棋盘上的棋子,又能快速地把注意力集中在特定棋局中的合适招法上。这些优质的心理表征,很可能使他们能够更加迅速而有效地下棋。
以至于区分两位棋手的最重要因素不再是他们的智商,而是心理表征的质量与数量,以及他们可以多么有效地运用这些表征。而心理表征往往是通过数千个小时对特级大师棋局的研究创建起来的即通过大量的刻意练习创建起来的。智力测验测量的能力,在早期似乎确实发挥着作用,而且,一开始学下棋时,智商更高的孩子似乎棋力也更胜一筹,另一些人为了努力赶上智商高于他们的同伴,练得更刻苦一些,并且养成了比同伴练得更多的习惯。由于他们如此刻苦地练习,他们的棋艺实际上已经超过了那些智商高于他们的同伴了。而智商较高的孩子,最初并没有感受到这种要去努力追赶别人的压力。
可见,从长远来看,占上风的是那些练习更勤奋的人,而不是那些一开始在智商或者其他才华方面有优势的人。
In the long run it is the ones who practice more who prevail, not the ones who had some initial advantage in intelligence or some other talent.
While people with certain innate characteristics---IQ,in the case of chess study ---may have an advantage when first learning a skill, that advantage gets smaller over time , and eventually the amount and the quality of practice take on a much larger role in determining how skilled a person becomes.
尽管具备某些天赋的人,比如在国际象棋研究中棋手们的智商可能在刚开始学习某项技能时具有优势,但随着时间的推移,那种优势变得越来越小,到最后,练习的时间与质量反而在决定人们的技能变得多么熟练时,发挥着更大的作用。
对于这点,我真是深有体会,今天读这节内容的时候,我也反复读给儿子听。如果说以前我只是担心他不够努力的话,现在我感觉我更能深刻理解原因在哪里了。我的大儿子就是典型的“别人家”的孩子,从小就表现的聪慧异常,很小年纪就表现出对科学超乎寻常的执着和热爱,其实热爱科学并且付之于行动一直贯穿于他整个成长过程,我要说的是他在其他兴趣爱好方面的学习很小时候也显示了不俗的表现,他七岁多进入儿童班学习绘画,几个月被老师破格调入成人油画班学习油画,老师说他接受能力比花了几年的大人还要好,七岁在学校午休时间学习国际象棋,一年下来打败同时学了几年的孩子,得到冠军,后来转入俱乐部,很快就被派队参加全国俱乐部赛,六岁多学习小提琴,被几个老师称为极有音乐天赋的孩子,学习上也是超级轻松,基本不怎么学习,小学还跳了两级。
有个这样的孩子,我并没有感到沾沾自喜,相反我总隐隐约约感到不安,正因为学什么都轻松,他好像干什么都不太用功,但是表面看上去都还不错,但是私底下只有我知道他根本就没有努力。所以总是唠唠叨叨嘱咐他努力刻苦有多重要,你做的不错,可为什么不努力做的更好?
随着时间的流逝,我的担心也并不是没有理由,他的小提琴并没有按他小时候那样的天赋往更好的水平发展,想反,他变得越来越没有兴趣,也不努力练琴,每次都能轻松地过关,但是如果以小时候已有的基础水平,他应该更加专业,当然这里不排除老师的原因,但是更重要的原因则是他缺乏进入更专业水平的大量的刻意练习。还有他的国际象棋,八岁多的他就自己在书店翻找象棋书自己学习,刻苦专研,那时候刚入俱乐部就被老师成为“黑马”脱颖而出派去参加比赛,那时候进步很快,接连比赛,乃至入围全法个人冠军赛,可后来明显不愿投入更多的练习,水平也就一般般吧,这样的例子很多,无一都是学什么他都是一开始非常快,非常轻松,但他却没有后续的大量的,长期的,艰苦的刻意练习。另外到了高中,虽然信誓旦旦说该努力学习了,要考上好大学,可是一学期下来,好像没怎么努力啊,成绩还不错,瞬间觉得高中没怎样嘛,然后经不住同学影响,偷偷玩游戏,结果下个学期,成绩一下子下来了,他很伤心,因为他觉得他高中考试前都好好复习了做练习了,可成绩不好,他严重怀疑自己智商有问题。
你看,潜意识里他还是觉得自己之所以学得好,是因为他够聪明,从小到大都是这样,无形中他也这么认为,其实这样是我们普通人的看法,但是以后我想对他说”你学得好,不是因为你够聪明,还是因为是够努力“。
以后在我的字典里,不再有”聪明,聪慧“的字眼儿,而是”努力,勤奋“。
我总批评他没有韧性,不刻苦,不努力,但是尚且年少的他能用心领略几分?
不过有时候也在思考,这孩子从小就说过音乐,绘画,象棋都只不过是他的爱好,是他做科学做累了的时候消遣用的,术业有专攻,人的精力毕竟是有限的,能做好在某一领域或行业的出色已是非常不易的了。儿子喜欢科学,幸庆的是他一直非常投入和坚定,我希望他明白我给他讲的这些道理,能够有意识的进行自我的有目的练习。
我思思量量,好多时候百思不得其解。这本书就像在给我指点迷津。
这是儿子电脑屏保上的一句话
Hard work beats a talent when the talent fails to work hard.
哈,孺子可教也,这说明他也有所领悟。
在一些特殊的领域/不同的视角来观察基因的差异
然而,在一些特殊的领域,对人类的智商,基因还是有一些最低要求的。在科学家领域,科学家的平均智商确实比普通人要高,IQ110-120或以上,但是在科学家范围内,拿两位科学家来比较,他们的智商与科学成果之间不存在相互关联,对于这些已经成为某专业领域的科学家的人来说,智商较高似乎不再有什么优势。
还有在体育,绘画这个领域,也会在“天赋基因”方面有一些最低要求,,比如某些非常基本的身体特点比如身高,身材,色盲,但至今并没有发现可靠的证据表明其他关于天赋的最低要求存在。
经过大量的调查研究,作者得出的结论仍旧是;练习是决定某人在某个特定领域或行业中最终成就的唯一最重要因素,因此,如果基因在其中发挥作用,那么,它们的作用会慢慢消失,而以下因素更突出的作用会显现出来:他有多大的可能性从事刻意练习,或者那种练习可能多么有效。以这种方式来看问题,会从完全不同的视角来观察基因的差异。
But since we know that practice is the single most important factors in determining a person's ultimate acheievment in a given domain, it makes sense that if genes do play a role, their role would play out through shaping how likely a person is to engage in deliberate pracice or how effective that practice is likely to be .Seeing it in this way puts genetic differences in a completely different light.
相信天赋决定论的危险性
当人们假设,天才在确定一个人能取得多大的成就时发挥着重要的作用,甚至是起着决定性的作用时,这种假设会指向一些决定与行动。如果你以为那些不具备某方面天生才华的人绝不可能擅长于这方面的事情,那么,当父母、老师或者其他人看到孩子不擅长做某件事情时,就会鼓励他去做别的事情。对看起来笨手笨脚的孩子,不会让他去搞体育;对那些唱歌不着调的孩子,会让他去试试别的;对那些不喜欢数字的孩子,会跟他们讲,他们不擅长数学。
于是,这些预言自然而然地成真了:人们认为这个搞不了体育的女孩,绝对不可能精通打网球或踢足球;人们觉得那个男孩是音盲,那他也绝不会去学习演奏某种乐器或者学唱歌;还有些孩子,人们觉得他们不擅长数学,等他们长大以后,自己也就信了。这种预言真的自我实现了。
这就是相信天赋决定论的危险性。它往往使人们假设,有些人生来就具有某些方面的天赋,而另一些人则不具备,而你可以很早就分辨他们之间的这些差别。如果你相信这种观点,那么,你就是在鼓励和支持“有天赋”的那些人,并打击其他的人,从而制造自我实现的预言。
避免这种现象,最好的办法是意识到我们每个人都有自己的潜力,并努力想办法去开发这些潜力。
给儿子的话
以下这段话可以说是本章的主要核心内容,我让儿子读了。
While innate characteristics may influence performance among those who are just learning a new skill or ability , the degree and the effectiveness of training plays a more significant role in determining who excels among those who have worked to develop a skill. This is because, ultimately, the body's and the brain's natural ability to adapt in the face of challenges outweighs any genetic differences that may, in the beginning ,give some people an advantage. So I believe that it's much more important to understand how and why particular types of practice lead to improvement than it is to go looking for genetic differences between people.
尽管天赋可能在那些刚刚开始学习某项新技能或能力的人身上发挥着影响,影响着他们的表现,但是,在那些致力于发展某项技能的人之中,究竟谁是最杰出的人物,练习的程度及有效性则发挥着更为重要的作用。这是因为,我们的身体与大脑在面临挑战时的适应能力最终会胜过任何类型的基因差异,这些基因的差异可能在一开始给了某些人优势。因此我认为,理解特定的练习怎样带来进步,以及为什么会带来进步,比起探究人与人之间的基因差别重要得多。
单词部分
1.deep-seated deep-'rootedˌdeep-'seated adj.[usually before noun]
(of feelings and beliefs 感情和信仰) very fixed and strong; difficult to change or to destroy 根深蒂固的;强烈的;坚定的:
It is one of the most enduring and deep-seated of all beliefs about human nature----that natural talent plays a major role in determining abliity.
a deep-seated desire
2.track down v.ˌ to find sb / sth after searching in several different places搜寻到;跟踪找到;追查到
【SYN】trace:
...I set out to track down the details in order to understand how such a feat might have been possible.
»The police have so far failed to track down the attacker.
3.set out to to begin a job, task, etc. with a particular aim or goal (怀着目标)开始工作,展开任务:
...I set out to track down the details in order to understand how such a feat might have been possible.
»She set out to break the world record.
»They succeeded in what they set out to do.
4.packed adj.1. extremely full of people 异常拥挤的;挤满人的
【SYN】crowded:
...the venue was a packed concert hall or outdoor space ....
»The restaurant was packed.
»The show played to packed houses(= large audiences).
2.~ with sth|~ -packedcontaining a lot of a particular thing 有大量…的;…极多的:
»The book is packed with information.
»an information-packed book
3. tightly ~ pressed closely together 紧密地压在一起:
»The birds'nests are lined with tightly packed leaves.
4.[not before noun](informal) having put everything you need into cases, boxes, etc. before you go somewhere 收拾好行李:
»I'm all packed and ready to go.
5.prodigy n.prod∙igy/ˈprɔdədʒi;
◙noun(pl.-ies) a young person who is unusually intelligent or skilful for their age(年轻的)天才,奇才,精英;神童:
»a child / an infant prodigy
»a musical prodigy
precocity
6.resort to v.resort to sth
to make use of sth, especially sth bad, as a means of achieving sth, often because there is no other possible solution 诉诸;求助于;依靠
....we can explain how Mozart could have developed his abilities at such a young age without resorting to some sort of exceptional innate talent.
【SYN】have recourse to:
»They felt obliged to resort to violence.
▪ [+-ing]»Wemay have to resort to using untrained staff.
7.hitch to 把…钩(或拴、系)在…上If you hitch something to something else, you hook it or fasten it there.
Leopold had given up his own caree by that time and had hitched his success to that of his son.
Last night we hitched the horse to the cart and moved here.
8.flip n.1.[C]a small quick hit with a part of the body that causes sth to turn over轻抛;捻掷:
But what about the flip side of prodigies?
on the flip side, of course, the children who get more attention and praise form their teachers.
»The whole thing was decided on the flip of a coin.
9.breeze through • to do sth successfully and easily 轻易通过;轻松完成:
....the same people who did so well in the beginning will continue to breeze through later on.
»He breezed through the tests.
10.smooth the path /way• to make it easier for sb / sth to develop or make progress铺平道路:
These lucky people , we imagine , were born with innate talents that smooth the way and lead them to excel.
»These negotiations are intended to smooth the path to a peace treaty.
11.excel verb(-ll-)1.[V]~(in / at sth / at doing sth)to be very good at doing sth擅长;善于;突出:
These lucky people , we imagine , were born with innate talents that smooth the way and lead them to excel.
»She has always excelled in foreign languages.
»The team excels at turning defence into attack.
»As a child he excelled at music and art.
2.[VN]~ yourself(BrE)to do extremely well and even better than you usually do 胜过平时:
»Rick's cooking was always good but this time he really excelled himself.
12.carry a tune 唱歌不走调
....the ones who can't carry a tune right away are told they should try someting other than music....
I can't carry a tune. I don't want to embarrass myself or him.
13.taper off • to become gradually less in number, amount, degree, etc.(数量、程度等)逐渐减少:
The advantage among hockey players does seem to taper off somewhat once the players make it into the major leagues.
»The number of applicants for teaching posts has tapered off.
申请做教学工作的人数越来越少。
◘ˌtaper sth∽off
• to make sth become gradually less in number, amount, degree, etc.使(数目等)逐渐减少;降低…程度:
»They are gradually tapering off production of the older models.
14.nefarious adj.• (formal)criminal; immoral罪恶的;不道德的:
There is nothing nefarious going on here, but teh results can be incredibly damaging.
»nefarious activities