前言
H.264是目前很流行的编码层视频压缩格式,目前项目中的协议层有rtmp与http,但是视频的编码层都是使用的H.264。
在熟悉H.264的过程中,为更好的了解H.264,尝试用VideoToolbox硬编码与硬解码H.264的原始码流。
介绍
1、H.264
H.264由视讯编码层(Video Coding Layer,VCL)与网络提取层(Network Abstraction Layer,NAL)组成。
H.264包含一个内建的NAL网络协议适应层,藉由NAL来提供网络的状态,让VCL有更好的编译码弹性与纠错能力。
H.264的介绍看这里
H.264的码流结构
重点对象:
- 序列参数集SPS:作用于一系列连续的编码图像;
- 图像参数集PPS:作用于编码视频序列中一个或多个独立的图像;
2、VideoToolbox
VideoToolbox是iOS8以后开放的硬编码与硬解码的API,一组用C语言写的函数。使用流程如下:
- 1、
-initVideoToolBox
中调用VTCompressionSessionCreate创建编码session,然后调用VTSessionSetProperty设置参数,最后调用VTCompressionSessionPrepareToEncodeFrames开始编码; - 2、开始视频录制,获取到摄像头的视频帧,传入
-encode:
,调用VTCompressionSessionEncodeFrame传入需要编码的视频帧,如果返回失败,调用VTCompressionSessionInvalidate销毁session,然后释放session; - 3、每一帧视频编码完成后会调用预先设置的编码函数
didCompressH264
,如果是关键帧需要用CMSampleBufferGetFormatDescription获取CMFormatDescriptionRef,然后用
CMVideoFormatDescriptionGetH264ParameterSetAtIndex取得PPS和SPS;
最后把每一帧的所有NALU数据前四个字节变成0x00 00 00 01之后再写入文件; - 4、调用VTCompressionSessionCompleteFrames完成编码,然后销毁session:VTCompressionSessionInvalidate,释放session。
效果展示
下图是解码出来的图像
贴贴代码
- 创建session
int width = 480, height = 640;
OSStatus status = VTCompressionSessionCreate(NULL, width, height, kCMVideoCodecType_H264, NULL, NULL, NULL, didCompressH264, (__bridge void *)(self), &EncodingSession);
- 设置session属性
// 设置实时编码输出(避免延迟)
VTSessionSetProperty(EncodingSession, kVTCompressionPropertyKey_RealTime, kCFBooleanTrue);
VTSessionSetProperty(EncodingSession, kVTCompressionPropertyKey_ProfileLevel, kVTProfileLevel_H264_Baseline_AutoLevel);
// 设置关键帧(GOPsize)间隔
int frameInterval = 10;
CFNumberRef frameIntervalRef = CFNumberCreate(kCFAllocatorDefault, kCFNumberIntType, &frameInterval);
VTSessionSetProperty(EncodingSession, kVTCompressionPropertyKey_MaxKeyFrameInterval, frameIntervalRef);
// 设置期望帧率
int fps = 10;
CFNumberRef fpsRef = CFNumberCreate(kCFAllocatorDefault, kCFNumberIntType, &fps);
VTSessionSetProperty(EncodingSession, kVTCompressionPropertyKey_ExpectedFrameRate, fpsRef);
//设置码率,上限,单位是bps
int bitRate = width * height * 3 * 4 * 8;
CFNumberRef bitRateRef = CFNumberCreate(kCFAllocatorDefault, kCFNumberSInt32Type, &bitRate);
VTSessionSetProperty(EncodingSession, kVTCompressionPropertyKey_AverageBitRate, bitRateRef);
//设置码率,均值,单位是byte
int bitRateLimit = width * height * 3 * 4;
CFNumberRef bitRateLimitRef = CFNumberCreate(kCFAllocatorDefault, kCFNumberSInt32Type, &bitRateLimit);
VTSessionSetProperty(EncodingSession, kVTCompressionPropertyKey_DataRateLimits, bitRateLimitRef);
- 传入编码帧
CVImageBufferRef imageBuffer = (CVImageBufferRef)CMSampleBufferGetImageBuffer(sampleBuffer);
// 帧时间,如果不设置会导致时间轴过长。
CMTime presentationTimeStamp = CMTimeMake(frameID++, 1000);
VTEncodeInfoFlags flags;
OSStatus statusCode = VTCompressionSessionEncodeFrame(EncodingSession,
imageBuffer,
presentationTimeStamp,
kCMTimeInvalid,
NULL, NULL, &flags);
- 关键帧获取SPS和PPS
bool keyframe = !CFDictionaryContainsKey( (CFArrayGetValueAtIndex(CMSampleBufferGetSampleAttachmentsArray(sampleBuffer, true), 0)), kCMSampleAttachmentKey_NotSync);
// 判断当前帧是否为关键帧
// 获取sps & pps数据
if (keyframe)
{
CMFormatDescriptionRef format = CMSampleBufferGetFormatDescription(sampleBuffer);
size_t sparameterSetSize, sparameterSetCount;
const uint8_t *sparameterSet;
OSStatus statusCode = CMVideoFormatDescriptionGetH264ParameterSetAtIndex(format, 0, &sparameterSet, &sparameterSetSize, &sparameterSetCount, 0 );
if (statusCode == noErr)
{
// Found sps and now check for pps
size_t pparameterSetSize, pparameterSetCount;
const uint8_t *pparameterSet;
OSStatus statusCode = CMVideoFormatDescriptionGetH264ParameterSetAtIndex(format, 1, &pparameterSet, &pparameterSetSize, &pparameterSetCount, 0 );
if (statusCode == noErr)
{
// Found pps
NSData *sps = [NSData dataWithBytes:sparameterSet length:sparameterSetSize];
NSData *pps = [NSData dataWithBytes:pparameterSet length:pparameterSetSize];
if (encoder)
{
[encoder gotSpsPps:sps pps:pps];
}
}
}
}
- 写入数据
CMBlockBufferRef dataBuffer = CMSampleBufferGetDataBuffer(sampleBuffer);
size_t length, totalLength;
char *dataPointer;
OSStatus statusCodeRet = CMBlockBufferGetDataPointer(dataBuffer, 0, &length, &totalLength, &dataPointer);
if (statusCodeRet == noErr) {
size_t bufferOffset = 0;
static const int AVCCHeaderLength = 4; // 返回的nalu数据前四个字节不是0001的startcode,而是大端模式的帧长度length
// 循环获取nalu数据
while (bufferOffset < totalLength - AVCCHeaderLength) {
uint32_t NALUnitLength = 0;
// Read the NAL unit length
memcpy(&NALUnitLength, dataPointer + bufferOffset, AVCCHeaderLength);
// 从大端转系统端
NALUnitLength = CFSwapInt32BigToHost(NALUnitLength);
NSData* data = [[NSData alloc] initWithBytes:(dataPointer + bufferOffset + AVCCHeaderLength) length:NALUnitLength];
[encoder gotEncodedData:data isKeyFrame:keyframe];
// Move to the next NAL unit in the block buffer
bufferOffset += AVCCHeaderLength + NALUnitLength;
}
}
总结
在网上找到的多个VideoToolboxDemo代码大都类似,更重要是自己尝试实现。
学习硬编码与硬解码,目的是对H264码流更清晰的了解,实则我们开发过程中并不会触碰到H264的真正编码与解码过程,故而难度远没有想象中那么大。
这里有代码地址