虚拟语气
虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式,用来表示说话人的愿望、建议、要求、假设等。我们不妨根据语法功能,将虚拟语气分成
三类:
1表示“某事应该(或必须)去做”;
2. 表示假设或不可能实现的愿望;
3. 表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止。
表示“某事应该(或必须)去做”
这一情况下常见的有下列四种句型:
1. 主+suggest (propose/ urge/ order ...)+that从句:
要注意的是,that从句里的的谓语动词也要用原形,或should加动词原形(should可以省略)。
e.g. I suggest that he start the research at once.
我建议他立刻开始这项调查。原形
2. It's necessary (important/ vital/ essential ...)+that从句:
那么这里的that从句也要遵循上面提到的那条准则,即:从句的谓语动词用原形,或should加动词原形。
e.g. She said it was important that every member hand in his application by the weekend.
她之前说过,所有人这礼拜结束之前都必须提交申请。原形
这个例子很明显地告诉我们,就算主句的谓语动词是过去时,虚拟时态第二种句型要求下,从句的谓语动词不为所动,仍要用原形。
3. It's (high) time+that从句:这里一定要注意啦!
从句的谓语动词用过去时。
e.g. It's time that we began to work.
是时候开始工作啦。
4. 主+would rather (would sooner/ would as soon/ would prefer)+从句:
从句的谓语动词也要用过去时噢。
e.g. I would rather you went home now.
我宁愿你现在回家。
主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,如果相同的话,就要省略从句主语,would rather 后跟动词原形。虽然说起来很复杂的样子,但是大家看一下例句就很好理解了,也不用死记硬背,是非常简单的句子:
e.g. I would rather stay here.此句型一般仅用来表示 现在或将来 的情况,我们一般不倾向于用此句型表示“过去未能实现的愿望”。如果要表示过去的含义,如“你要是没说过这句话就好了!”我们可以用下面的“wish” 和“if only”句型。
表示假设或不可能(或几乎不可能)实现的愿望的虚拟语气
这类虚拟语气主要有以下四种句型
用wish、if only和as if/ though 引导,并包括条件句中的虚拟语气:
1. wish+主+不可能的过去式
e.g. I wish you could drive a car.
The fact is that you CANNOTdrive a car. 对现在的虚拟用过去时。
2. if only+主+不可能的过去式
e.g. If only you had listened to me.
The fact is that you DIDNOT listen to me. 对过去的虚拟用过去完成时。
3. as if/ as though+主+不可能的过去式
e.g. He looks as if he was/were a teacher.
The fact is that he IS NOT a teacher.
4. 条件句中的虚拟语气式
(1) 对 现在、将来虚拟 (从句用 过去时,主句用 would+V):
e.g. If you came on time tomorrow, she would invite you to dinner.
e.g. If I were you, I would accept the invitation.
(2) 对 过去 虚拟(从句用 过去完成时,主句用 would have+动词过去分词形式):
e.g. If you had come earlier, he would have told you the news.
表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止的虚拟语气
我们要介绍的最后一种虚拟语气常用在感叹句中,其内容常涉及超自然的力量。(乱叨叨:因为力量太过强大,一切都被打回原形了=。=)这时谓语动词用动词原形,例如:
e.g. God save the Queen! 上帝保佑女皇!
e.g. Heaven help us! 天助我们!
e.g. God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
大家可以想象一下,如果你说:
God blesses you!
因为舌头太绕,气势全都木有了哈哈哈。
If 的省略句
在虚拟条件分句中,有时if可以省略
而把was/ were/ had或should移至主语之前,(was 移至句首时要改为were)。如:
If he were/was to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem.
他如果把所有事都告诉我们,我们就能帮他解决问题。
改为:
Were he to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem.
但如果从句中没有had/ should/ were/ was时,则不能这样做。