Saga 模式
Saga 最初出现在1987年Hector Garcaa-Molrna & Kenneth Salem发表的一篇名为《Sagas》的论文里。其核心思想是将长事务拆分为多个短事务,借助Saga事务协调器的协调,来保证要么所有操作都成功完成,要么运行相应的补偿事务以撤消先前完成的工作,从而维护多个服务之间的数据一致性。举例而言,假设有个在线购物网站,其后端服务划分为订单服务、支付服务和库存服务。那么一次下订单的Saga流程如下图所示:
在Saga模式中本地事务是Saga 参与者执行的工作单元,每个本地事务都会更新数据库并发布消息或事件以触发 Saga 中的下一个本地事务。如果本地事务失败,Saga 会执行一系列补偿事务,以撤消先前本地事务所做的更改。
对于Saga模式的实现又分为两种形式:
- 协同式:把Saga 的决策和执行顺序逻辑分布在Saga的每个参与方中,通过交换事件的方式进行流转。示例图如下所示:
- 编排式:把Saga的决策和执行顺序逻辑集中定义在一个Saga 编排器中。Saga 编排器发出命令式消息给各个Saga 参与方,指示这些参与方执行怎样的操作。
从上图可以看出,对于协同式Saga 存在一个致命的弊端,那就是存在循环依赖的问题,每个Saga参与方都需要订阅所有影响它们的事件,耦合性较高,且由于Saga 逻辑分散在各参与方,不便维护。相对而言,编排式Saga 则实现了关注点分离,协调逻辑集中在编排器中定义,Saga 参与者仅需实现供编排器调用的API 即可。
在.NET 中也有开箱即用的开源框架实现了编排式的Saga事务模型,也就是MassTransit Courier
,接下来就来实际探索一番。
MassTransit Courier 简介
MassTransit Courier 是对Routing Slip(路由单) 模式的实现。该模式用于运行时动态指定消息处理步骤,解决不同消息可能有不同消息处理步骤的问题。实现机制是消息处理流程的开始,创建一个路由单,这个路由单定义消息的处理步骤,并附加到消息中,消息按路由单进行传输,每个处理步骤都会查看路由单并将消息传递到路由单中指定的下一个处理步骤。
在MassTransit Courier中是通过抽象IActivity
和RoutingSlip
来实现了Routing Slip模式。通过按需有序组合一系列的Activity,得到一个用来限定消息处理顺序的Routing Slip。而每个Activity的具体抽象就是IActivity
和IExecuteActivity
。二者的差别在于IActivity
定义了Execute
和Compensate
两个方法,而IExecuteActivitiy
仅定义了Execute
方法。其中Execute
代表正向操作,Compensate
代表反向补偿操作。用一个简单的下单流程:创建订单->扣减库存->支付订单举例而言,使用Courier的实现示意图如下所示:
基于Courier 实现编排式Saga事务
那具体如何使用MassTransit Courier
来应用编排式Saga 模式呢,接下来就来创建解决方案来实现以上下单流程示例。
创建解决方案
依次创建以下项目,除共享类库项目外,均安装MassTransit
和MassTransit.RabbitMQ
NuGet包。
项目 | 项目名 | 项目类型 |
---|---|---|
订单服务 | MassTransit.CourierDemo.OrderService | ASP.NET Core Web API |
库存服务 | MassTransit.CourierDemo.InventoryService | Worker Service |
支付服务 | MassTransit.CourierDemo.PaymentService | Worker Service |
共享类库 | MassTransit.CourierDemo.Shared | Class Library |
三个服务都添加扩展类MassTransitServiceExtensions
,并在Program.cs
类中调用services.AddMassTransitWithRabbitMq();
注册服务。
using System.Reflection;
using MassTransit.CourierDemo.Shared.Models;
namespace MassTransit.CourierDemo.InventoryService;
public static class MassTransitServiceExtensions
{
public static IServiceCollection AddMassTransitWithRabbitMq(this IServiceCollection services)
{
return services.AddMassTransit(x =>
{
x.SetKebabCaseEndpointNameFormatter();
// By default, sagas are in-memory, but should be changed to a durable
// saga repository.
x.SetInMemorySagaRepositoryProvider();
var entryAssembly = Assembly.GetEntryAssembly();
x.AddConsumers(entryAssembly);
x.AddSagaStateMachines(entryAssembly);
x.AddSagas(entryAssembly);
x.AddActivities(entryAssembly);
x.UsingRabbitMq((context, busConfig) =>
{
busConfig.Host(
host: "localhost",
port: 5672,
virtualHost: "masstransit",
configure: hostConfig =>
{
hostConfig.Username("guest");
hostConfig.Password("guest");
});
busConfig.ConfigureEndpoints(context);
});
});
}
}
订单服务
订单服务作为下单流程的起点,需要承担构建RoutingSlip
的职责,因此可以创建一个OrderRoutingSlipBuilder
来构建RoutingSlip
,代码如下:
using MassTransit.Courier.Contracts;
using MassTransit.CourierDemo.Shared.Models;
namespace MassTransit.CourierDemo.OrderService;
public static class OrderRoutingSlipBuilder
{
public static RoutingSlip BuildOrderRoutingSlip(CreateOrderDto createOrderDto)
{
var createOrderAddress = new Uri("queue:create-order_execute");
var deduceStockAddress = new Uri("queue:deduce-stock_execute");
var payAddress = new Uri("queue:pay-order_execute");
var routingSlipBuilder = new RoutingSlipBuilder(Guid.NewGuid());
routingSlipBuilder.AddActivity(
name: "order-activity",
executeAddress: createOrderAddress,
arguments: createOrderDto);
routingSlipBuilder.AddActivity(name: "deduce-stock-activity", executeAddress: deduceStockAddress);
routingSlipBuilder.AddActivity(name: "pay-activity", executeAddress: payAddress);
var routingSlip = routingSlipBuilder.Build();
return routingSlip;
}
}
从以上代码可知,构建一个路由单需要以下几步:
- 明确业务用例涉及的具体用例,本例中为:
- 创建订单:CreateOrder
- 扣减库存:DeduceStock
- 支付订单:PayOrder
- 根据用例名,按短横线隔开命名法(kebab-case)定义用例执行地址,格式为
queue:<usecase>_execute
,本例中为:- 创建订单执行地址:queue:create-order_execute
- 创建订单执行地址:queue:deduce-stock_execute
- 创建订单执行地址:queue:pay-order_execute
- 创建路由单:
- 通过
RoutingSlipBuilder(Guid.NewGuid())
创建路由单构建器实例 - 根据业务用例流转顺序,调用
AddActivity()
方法依次添加Activity用来执行用例,因为第一个创建订单用例需要入口参数,因此传入了一个CreateOrderDto
DTO(Data Transfer Object)对象 - 调用
Build()
方法创建路由单
- 通过
对于本例而言,由于下单流程是固定流程,因此以上路由单的构建也是按业务用例进行定义的。而路由单的强大之处在于,可以按需动态组装。在实际电商场景中,有些订单是无需执行库存扣减的,比如充值订单,对于这种情况,仅需在创建路由单时判断若为充值订单则不添加扣减库存的Activity即可。
对于订单服务必然要承担创建订单的职责,定义CreateOrderActivity
(Activity的命名要与上面定义的用例对应)如下,其中OrderRepository
为一个静态订单仓储类:
public class CreateOrderActivity : IActivity<CreateOrderDto, CreateOrderLog>
{
private readonly ILogger<CreateOrderActivity> _logger;
public CreateOrderActivity(ILogger<CreateOrderActivity> logger)
{
_logger = logger;
}
// 订单创建
public async Task<ExecutionResult> Execute(ExecuteContext<CreateOrderDto> context)
{
var order = await CreateOrder(context.Arguments);
var log = new CreateOrderLog(order.OrderId, order.CreatedTime);
_logger.LogInformation($"Order [{order.OrderId}] created successfully!");
return context.CompletedWithVariables(log, new {order.OrderId});
}
private async Task<Order> CreateOrder(CreateOrderDto orderDto)
{
var shoppingItems =
orderDto.ShoppingCartItems.Select(item => new ShoppingCartItem(item.SkuId, item.Price, item.Qty));
var order = new Order(orderDto.CustomerId).NewOrder(shoppingItems.ToArray());
await OrderRepository.Insert(order);
return order;
}
// 订单补偿(取消订单)
public async Task<CompensationResult> Compensate(CompensateContext<CreateOrderLog> context)
{
var order = await OrderRepository.Get(context.Log.OrderId);
order.CancelOrder();
var exception = context.Message.ActivityExceptions.FirstOrDefault();
_logger.LogWarning(
$"Order [{order.OrderId} has been canceled duo to {exception.ExceptionInfo.Message}!");
return context.Compensated();
}
}
从以上代码可知,实现一个Activity,需要以下步骤:
- 定义实现
IActivity<in TArguments, in TLog>
需要的参数类:-
TArguments
对应正向执行入口参数,会在Execute
方法中使用,本例中为CreateOrderDto
,用于订单创建。 -
TLog
对应反向补偿参数,会在Compensate
方法中使用,本例中为CreateOrderLog
,用于订单取消。
-
- 实现
IActivity<in TArguments, in TLog>
接口中的Execute
方法:- 具体用例的实现,本例中对应订单创建逻辑
- 创建
TLog
反向补偿参数实例,以便业务异常时能够按需补偿 - 返回Activity执行结果,并按需传递参数至下一个Activity,本例仅传递订单Id至下一流程。
- 实现
IActivity<in TArguments, in TLog>
接口中的Compensate
方法:- 具体反向补偿逻辑的实现,本例中对应取消订单
- 返回反向补偿执行结果
订单服务的最后一步就是定义WebApi来接收创建订单请求,为简要起便创建OrderController
如下:
using MassTransit.CourierDemo.Shared.Models;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
namespace MassTransit.CourierDemo.OrderService.Controllers;
[ApiController]
[Route("[controller]")]
public class OrderController : ControllerBase
{
private readonly IBus _bus;
public OrderController(IBus bus)
{
_bus = bus;
}
[HttpPost]
public async Task<IActionResult> CreateOrder(CreateOrderDto createOrderDto)
{
// 创建订单路由单
var orderRoutingSlip = OrderRoutingSlipBuilder.BuildOrderRoutingSlip(createOrderDto);
// 执行订单流程
await _bus.Execute(orderRoutingSlip);
return Ok();
}
}
库存服务
库存服务在整个下单流程的职责主要是库存的扣减和返还,但由于从上游用例仅传递了OrderId参数到库存扣减Activity,因此在库存服务需要根据OrderId 去请求订单服务获取要扣减的库存项才能执行扣减逻辑。而这可以通过使用MassTransit的Reqeust/Response 模式
来实现,具体步骤如下:
- 在共享类库
MassTransit.CourierDemo.Shared
中定义IOrderItemsRequest
和IOrderItemsResponse
:
namespace MassTransit.CourierDemo.Shared.Models;
public interface IOrderItemsRequest
{
public string OrderId { get; }
}
public interface IOrderItemsResponse
{
public List<DeduceStockItem> DeduceStockItems { get; set; }
public string OrderId { get; set; }
}
- 在订单服务中实现
IConsumer<IOrderItemsRequest
:
using MassTransit.CourierDemo.OrderService.Repositories;
using MassTransit.CourierDemo.Shared.Models;
namespace MassTransit.CourierDemo.OrderService.Consumers;
public class OrderItemsRequestConsumer : IConsumer<IOrderItemsRequest>
{
public async Task Consume(ConsumeContext<IOrderItemsRequest> context)
{
var order = await OrderRepository.Get(context.Message.OrderId);
await context.RespondAsync<IOrderItemsResponse>(new
{
order.OrderId,
DeduceStockItems = order.OrderItems.Select(
item => new DeduceStockItem(item.SkuId, item.Qty)).ToList()
});
}
}
- 在库存服务注册
service.AddMassTransit()
中注册x.AddRequestClient<IOrderItemsRequest>();
:
using System.Reflection;
using MassTransit.CourierDemo.Shared.Models;
namespace MassTransit.CourierDemo.InventoryService;
public static class MassTransitServiceExtensions
{
public static IServiceCollection AddMassTransitWithRabbitMq(this IServiceCollection services)
{
return services.AddMassTransit(x =>
{
//...
x.AddRequestClient<IOrderItemsRequest>();
//...
});
}
}
- 在需要的类中注册
IRequestClient<OrderItemsRequest>
服务即可。
最终扣减库存的Activity实现如下:
public class DeduceStockActivity : IActivity<DeduceOrderStockDto, DeduceStockLog>
{
private readonly IRequestClient<IOrderItemsRequest> _orderItemsRequestClient;
private readonly ILogger<DeduceStockActivity> _logger;
public DeduceStockActivity(IRequestClient<IOrderItemsRequest> orderItemsRequestClient,
ILogger<DeduceStockActivity> logger)
{
_orderItemsRequestClient = orderItemsRequestClient;
_logger = logger;
}
// 库存扣减
public async Task<ExecutionResult> Execute(ExecuteContext<DeduceOrderStockDto> context)
{
var deduceStockDto = context.Arguments;
var orderResponse =
await _orderItemsRequestClient.GetResponse<IOrderItemsResponse>(new { deduceStockDto.OrderId });
if (!CheckStock(orderResponse.Message.DeduceStockItems))
return context.Faulted(new Exception("insufficient stock"));
DeduceStocks(orderResponse.Message.DeduceStockItems);
var log = new DeduceStockLog(deduceStockDto.OrderId, orderResponse.Message.DeduceStockItems);
_logger.LogInformation($"Inventory has been deducted for order [{deduceStockDto.OrderId}]!");
return context.CompletedWithVariables(log, new { log.OrderId });
}
// 库存检查
private bool CheckStock(List<DeduceStockItem> deduceItems)
{
foreach (var stockItem in deduceItems)
{
if (InventoryRepository.GetStock(stockItem.SkuId) < stockItem.Qty) return false;
}
return true;
}
private void DeduceStocks(List<DeduceStockItem> deduceItems)
{
foreach (var stockItem in deduceItems)
{
InventoryRepository.TryDeduceStock(stockItem.SkuId, stockItem.Qty);
}
}
//库存补偿
public Task<CompensationResult> Compensate(CompensateContext<DeduceStockLog> context)
{
foreach (var deduceStockItem in context.Log.DeduceStockItems)
{
InventoryRepository.ReturnStock(deduceStockItem.SkuId, deduceStockItem.Qty);
}
_logger.LogWarning($"Inventory has been returned for order [{context.Log.OrderId}]!");
return Task.FromResult(context.Compensated());
}
}
支付服务
对于下单流程的支付用例来说,要么成功要么失败,并不需要像以上两个服务一样定义补偿逻辑,因此仅需要实现IExecuteActivity<in TArguments>
接口即可,该接口仅定义了Execute
接口方法,具体PayOrderActivity
实现如下:
using MassTransit.CourierDemo.Shared;
using MassTransit.CourierDemo.Shared.Models;
namespace MassTransit.CourierDemo.PaymentService.Activities;
public class PayOrderActivity : IExecuteActivity<PayDto>
{
private readonly IBus _bus;
private readonly IRequestClient<IOrderAmountRequest> _client;
private readonly ILogger<PayOrderActivity> _logger;
public PayOrderActivity(IBus bus,IRequestClient<IOrderAmountRequest> client,ILogger<PayOrderActivity> logger)
{
_bus = bus;
_client = client;
_logger = logger;
}
public async Task<ExecutionResult> Execute(ExecuteContext<PayDto> context)
{
var response = await _client.GetResponse<IOrderAmountResponse>(new { context.Arguments.OrderId });
// do payment...
if (response.Message.Amount % 2 == 0)
{
_logger.LogInformation($"Order [{context.Arguments.OrderId}] paid successfully!");
return context.Completed();
}
_logger.LogWarning($"Order [{context.Arguments.OrderId}] payment failed!");
return context.Faulted(new Exception("Order payment failed due to insufficient account balance."));
}
}
以上代码中也使用了MassTransit的Reqeust/Response 模式
来获取订单要支付的余额,并根据订单金额是否为偶数来模拟支付失败。
运行结果
启动三个项目,并在Swagger中发起订单创建请求,如下图所示:
由于订单总额为奇数,因此支付会失败,最终控制台输出如下图所示:
打开RabbitMQ后台,可以看见MassTransit按照约定创建了以下队列用于服务间的消息传递:
但你肯定好奇本文中使用的路由单具体是怎样实现的?简单,停掉库存服务,再发送一个订单创建请求,然后从队列获取未消费的消息即可解开谜底。以下是抓取的一条消息示例:
{
"messageId": "ac5d0000-e330-482a-b7bc-08dada7915ab",
"requestId": null,
"correlationId": "ce8af31b-a65c-4dfa-915c-4ae5174820f9",
"conversationId": "ac5d0000-e330-482a-28a5-08dada7915ad",
"initiatorId": null,
"sourceAddress": "rabbitmq://localhost/masstransit/THINKPAD_MassTransitCourierDemoOrderService_bus_itqoyy8dgbrniyeobdppw6engn?temporary=true",
"destinationAddress": "rabbitmq://localhost/masstransit/deduce-stock_execute?bind=true",
"responseAddress": null,
"faultAddress": null,
"messageType": [
"urn:message:MassTransit.Courier.Contracts:RoutingSlip"
],
"message": {
"trackingNumber": "ce8af31b-a65c-4dfa-915c-4ae5174820f9",
"createTimestamp": "2022-12-10T06:38:01.5452768Z",
"itinerary": [
{
"name": "deduce-stock-activity",
"address": "queue:deduce-stock_execute",
"arguments": {}
},
{
"name": "pay-activity",
"address": "queue:pay-order_execute",
"arguments": {}
}
],
"activityLogs": [
{
"executionId": "ac5d0000-e330-482a-7cb2-08dada7915bf",
"name": "order-activity",
"timestamp": "2022-12-10T06:38:01.7115314Z",
"duration": "00:00:00.0183136",
"host": {
"machineName": "THINKPAD",
"processName": "MassTransit.CourierDemo.OrderService",
"processId": 23980,
"assembly": "MassTransit.CourierDemo.OrderService",
"assemblyVersion": "1.0.0.0",
"frameworkVersion": "6.0.9",
"massTransitVersion": "8.0.7.0",
"operatingSystemVersion": "Microsoft Windows NT 10.0.19044.0"
}
}
],
"compensateLogs": [
{
"executionId": "ac5d0000-e330-482a-7cb2-08dada7915bf",
"address": "rabbitmq://localhost/masstransit/create-order_compensate",
"data": {
"orderId": "8c47a1db-cde3-43bb-a809-644f36e7ca99",
"createdTime": "2022-12-10T14:38:01.7272895+08:00"
}
}
],
"variables": {
"orderId": "8c47a1db-cde3-43bb-a809-644f36e7ca99"
},
"activityExceptions": [],
"subscriptions": []
},
"expirationTime": null,
"sentTime": "2022-12-10T06:38:01.774618Z",
"headers": {
"MT-Forwarder-Address": "rabbitmq://localhost/masstransit/create-order_execute"
}
}
从中可以看到信封中的message.itinerary
定义了消息的行程,从而确保消息按照定义的流程进行流转。同时通过message.compensateLogs
来指引若失败将如何回滚。
总结
通过以上示例的讲解,相信了解到MassTransit Courier的强大之处。Courier中的RoutingSlip充当着事务编排器的角色,将Saga的决策和执行顺序逻辑封装在消息体内随着消息进行流转,从而确保各服务仅需关注自己的业务逻辑,而无需关心事务的流转,真正实现了关注点分离。
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