Common Font Operations（常用字体操作）
这一章描述了一个常用的字体处理操作，并展示了怎么用CoreText代码来实现它们。这些操作在iOS和OS X中是一样的。本章包含下面的操作列表：
- 创建一个字体描述符
- 从字体描述符创建一个字体
- 创建相关的字体
- 解析字体
- 用字体解析数据创建一个字体
- 调整字距
- 从字符中获得符号
Creating Font Descriptors（创建字体描述符）
清单3-1中示例函数用PostScrpt font name和字号作为参数创建一个字体描述符。
Listing 3-1 Creating a font descriptor from a name and point size
CTFontDescriptorRef CreateFontDescriptorFromName(CFStringRef postScriptName,
CGFloat size)
{
return CTFontDescriptorCreateWithNameAndSize(postScriptName, size);
}
清单3-2中的示例函数从font family name和font traits创建一个字体描述符。
Listing 3-2 Creating a font descriptor from a family and traits
NSString* familyName = @"Papyrus";
CTFontSymbolicTraits symbolicTraits = kCTFontTraitCondensed;
CGFloat size = 24.0;
NSMutableDictionary* attributes = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
[attributes setObject:familyName forKey:(id)kCTFontFamilyNameAttribute];
// The attributes dictionary contains another dictionary, the traits dictionary,
// which in this example specifies only the symbolic traits.
NSMutableDictionary* traits = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
[traits setObject:[NSNumber numberWithUnsignedInt:symbolicTraits]
forKey:(id)kCTFontSymbolicTrait];
[attributes setObject:traits forKey:(id)kCTFontTraitsAttribute];
[attributes setObject:[NSNumber numberWithFloat:size]
forKey:(id)kCTFontSizeAttribute];
CTFontDescriptorRef descriptor = CTFontDescriptorCreateWithAttributes((CFDictionaryRef)attributes);
CFRelease(descriptor);
Creating a Font from a Font Descriptor（从字体描述符创建字体）
清单3-3展示了怎么创建一个字体描述符并用它创建一个字体。当你调用CTFontCreateWithFontDescriptor时，你通常传NULL给matrix参数来制定一个默认(identity)的矩阵。CTFontCreateWithFontDescriptor的size和matrix（第二个和第三个）参数会覆盖制定的字体描述符中指定的值，除非（字体描述符中）他们没有被指定（size为0，matrix为NULL）。
Listing 3-3 Creating a font from a font descriptor
NSDictionary *fontAttributes =
[NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:
@"Courier", (NSString *)kCTFontFamilyNameAttribute,
@"Bold", (NSString *)kCTFontStyleNameAttribute,
[NSNumber numberWithFloat:16.0],
(NSString *)kCTFontSizeAttribute,
nil];
// Create a descriptor.
CTFontDescriptorRef descriptor = CTFontDescriptorCreateWithAttributes((CFDictionaryRef)fontAttributes);
// Create a font using the descriptor.
CTFontRef font = CTFontCreateWithFontDescriptor(descriptor, 0.0, NULL);
CFRelease(descriptor);
Creating Related Fonts（创建相关字体）
把一个已经存在的字体转化成一个相关或类似的字体经常是有用的。清单3-4中的示例函数展示了怎么根据函数调用时传的Boolean参数的值，来生成一个粗体或者非粗体的字体。如果当前字体family没有需要的样式，这个函数返回NULL。
Listing 3-4 Changing traits of a font
CTFontRef CreateBoldFont(CTFontRef font, Boolean makeBold)
{
CTFontSymbolicTraits desiredTrait = 0;
CTFontSymbolicTraits traitMask;
// If requesting that the font be bold, set the desired trait
// to be bold.
if (makeBold) desiredTrait = kCTFontBoldTrait;
// Mask off the bold trait to indicate that it is the only trait
// to be modified. As CTFontSymbolicTraits is a bit field,
// could change multiple traits if desired.
traitMask = kCTFontBoldTrait;
// Create a copy of the original font with the masked trait set to the
// desired value. If the font family does not have the appropriate style,
// returns NULL.
return CTFontCreateCopyWithSymbolicTraits(font, 0.0, NULL, desiredTrait, traitMask);
}
清单3-8中的示例函数把所给的字体转换成另一个字体family中相似的字体，尽可能的保留特征。它可能返回NULL。size参数传0，matrix参数传NULL来保留原始字体的尺寸。
Listing 3-5 Converting a font to another family
CTFontRef CreateFontConvertedToFamily(CTFontRef font, CFStringRef family)
{
// Create a copy of the original font with the new family. This call
// attempts to preserve traits, and may return NULL if that is not possible.
// Pass in 0.0 and NULL for size and matrix to preserve the values from
// the original font.
return CTFontCreateCopyWithFamily(font, 0.0, NULL, family);
}
Serializing a Font（解析字体）
清单3-6中的示例函数展示了怎么解析字体并创建一个可以嵌入到文档的XML数据。还有一种选择，而且是比较好的，可以用NSArchiver。这只是完成任务的一种方法，但是它保留了以后重新创建字体所需的所有数据。
Listing 3-6 Serializing a font
CFDataRef CreateFlattenedFontData(CTFontRef font)
{
CFDataRef result = NULL;
CTFontDescriptorRef descriptor;
CFDictionaryRef attributes;
// Get the font descriptor for the font.
descriptor = CTFontCopyFontDescriptor(font);
if (descriptor != NULL) {
// Get the font attributes from the descriptor. This should be enough
// information to recreate the descriptor and the font later.
attributes = CTFontDescriptorCopyAttributes(descriptor);
if (attributes != NULL) {
// If attributes are a valid property list, directly flatten
// the property list. Otherwise we may need to analyze the attributes
// and remove or manually convert them to serializable forms.
// This is left as an exercise for the reader.
if (CFPropertyListIsValid(attributes, kCFPropertyListXMLFormat_v1_0)) {
result = CFPropertyListCreateXMLData(kCFAllocatorDefault, attributes);
}
}
}
return result;
}
Creating a Font from Serialized Data（从解析数据创建字体）
清单3-7中的示例函数展示了怎么从XML数据创建一个字体引用。它展示了怎么解压出字体属性并用那些属性创建字体。
Listing 3-7 Creating a font from serialized data
CTFontRef CreateFontFromFlattenedFontData(CFDataRef iData)
{
CTFontRef font = NULL;
CFDictionaryRef attributes;
CTFontDescriptorRef descriptor;
// Create our font attributes from the property list.
// For simplicity, this example creates an immutable object.
// If you needed to massage or convert certain attributes
// from their serializable form to the Core Text usable form,
// do it here.
attributes =
(CFDictionaryRef)CFPropertyListCreateFromXMLData(
kCFAllocatorDefault,
iData, kCFPropertyListImmutable, NULL);
if (attributes != NULL) {
// Create the font descriptor from the attributes.
descriptor = CTFontDescriptorCreateWithAttributes(attributes);
if (descriptor != NULL) {
// Create the font from the font descriptor. This sample uses
// 0.0 and NULL for the size and matrix parameters. This
// causes the font to be created with the size and/or matrix
// that exist in the descriptor, if present. Otherwise default
// values are used.
font = CTFontCreateWithFontDescriptor(descriptor, 0.0, NULL);
}
}
return font;
}
Changing Kerning（调整字间距）
联结和字间距是默认开启的。通过设置kCTKernAttributeName属性为0来关闭它。清单3-8在前几个字符绘制的时候把字间距设置成一个大的数字。
Listing 3-8 Setting kerning
// Set the color of the first 13 characters to red
// using a previously defined red CGColor object.
CFAttributedStringSetAttribute(attrString, CFRangeMake(0, 13),
kCTForegroundColorAttributeName, red);
// Set kerning between the first 18 chars to be 20
CGFloat otherNum = 20;
CFNumberRef otherCFNum = CFNumberCreate(NULL, kCFNumberCGFloatType, &otherNum);
CFAttributedStringSetAttribute(attrString, CFRangeMake(0,18),
kCTKernAttributeName, otherCFNum);
Getting Glyphs for Characters（从字符中获取符号）
清单3-9展示了怎么用一个字体从string的characters中获取glyphs。大部分时间有应该只从CTLine对象中获取这些信息，因为整个string可能不止用了一个字体。而且，对于复杂的文本简单的character-to-glyph mapping不会得到正确的外观。这个简单的glyph mapping可能在你尝试用一个字体显示特定Unicode字符时是合适的。
Listing 3-9 Getting glyphs for characters
void GetGlyphsForCharacters(CTFontRef font, CFStringRef string)
{
// Get the string length.
CFIndex count = CFStringGetLength(string);
// Allocate our buffers for characters and glyphs.
UniChar *characters = (UniChar *)malloc(sizeof(UniChar) * count);
CGGlyph *glyphs = (CGGlyph *)malloc(sizeof(CGGlyph) * count);
// Get the characters from the string.
CFStringGetCharacters(string, CFRangeMake(0, count), characters);
// Get the glyphs for the characters.
CTFontGetGlyphsForCharacters(font, characters, glyphs, count);
// Do something with the glyphs here. Characters not mapped by this font will be zero.
// ...
// Free the buffers
free(characters);
free(glyphs);
}
