首先,通过一个小的实验来了解Linux网络命名空间的作用。
为了不受干扰,更清楚地了解整个过程,这里我使用虚拟机最小化安装CentOS 8.0。
1.查询及创建网络命名空间
查询网络命名空间,此时系统中并没有任何网络命名空间
$ ip netns list
接着,创建新的网络命名空间
$ ip netns add test1
$ ip netns add test2
再来查询,发现多出2个刚才创建的网络命名空间
$ ip netns list
test2
test1
如果想要删除已有的网络命名空间,使用以下命令
ip netns delete <namespace>
2.查看网络连接
查看本机的网络连接
$ ip link
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: enp0s5: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:1c:42:0c:7c:82 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
查看刚才创建的Namespcae的命名空间
$ ip netns exec test1 ip link
1: lo: <LOOPBACK> mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
$ ip netns exec test2 ip link
1: lo: <LOOPBACK> mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
注意,test1、test2这两个网络命名空间的网络连接的本地回环接口lo的状态均为DOWN
。
接下来将test1、test2的lo接口设为UP状态。
$ ip netns exec test1 ip link set dev lo up
$ ip netns exec test2 ip link set dev lo up
$ ip netns exec test1 ip link
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
$ ip netns exec test2 ip link
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
此时,test1与test2的lo网络接口均为UNKNOWN
状态,并不是UP
状态,这是因为网络接口未被连接。
3.创建网络连接
Linux中有一种虚拟网络设备的技术叫做veth, veth总是成对出现的,连接两个网络接口(设备)。
接着就使用veth连接test1、test2的lo接口
$ ip link add veth-test1 type veth peer name veth-test2
再查看本机的的网络接口
$ ip link
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: enp0s5: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:1c:42:0c:7c:82 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: veth-test2@veth-test1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,M-DOWN> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/ether 7e:43:1a:8a:a1:53 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
4: veth-test1@veth-test2: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,M-DOWN> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/ether b6:6e:98:86:5c:80 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
可以看到多了2个设备veth-test2@veth-test1、veth-test1@veth-test2,正是刚才创建的一对veth
接着将这一对veth分配给test1和test2
ip link set veth-test1 netns test1
ip link set veth-test2 netns test2
此时在查看本机的网络设备,已经看不到刚才的veth-test2@veth-test1、veth-test1@veth-test2了
$ ip link
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: enp0s5: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:1c:42:0c:7c:82 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
它们分别出现在了test1、test2中
$ ip netns exec test1 ip a s
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: veth-test1@if3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether b6:6e:98:86:5c:80 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netns test2
$ ip netns exec test2 ip a s
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: veth-test2@if4: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 7e:43:1a:8a:a1:53 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netns test1
但此时,这一对veth仅有mac地址,没有ip,那么接下来就给它们分配ip地址
$ ip netns exec test1 ip addr add 192.168.1.1/24 dev veth-test1
$ ip netns exec test2 ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev veth-test2
此时,这一对veth已经有了IP地址,但还处于DOWN状态。
$ ip netns exec test1 ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: veth-test1@if3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether b6:6e:98:86:5c:80 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netns test2
inet 192.168.1.1/24 scope global veth-test1
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
$ ip netns exec test2 ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: veth-test2@if4: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 7e:43:1a:8a:a1:53 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netns test1
inet 192.168.1.2/24 scope global veth-test2
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
接着,先将veth-test1设为UP状态
$ netns exec test1 ip link set dev veth-test1 up
但结果仍处于LOWERLAYERDOWN状态
$ ip netns exec test1 ip a s
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: veth-test1@if3: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state LOWERLAYERDOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether b6:6e:98:86:5c:80 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netns test2
inet 192.168.1.1/24 scope global veth-test1
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
这是因为与它连接的veth-test2还没有UP,接着将veth-test2也设为UP状态
ip netns exec test2 ip link set dev veth-test2 up
查看veth-test2,状态为UP
$ ip netns exec test2 ip a s
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: veth-test2@if4: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 7e:43:1a:8a:a1:53 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netns test1
inet 192.168.1.2/24 scope global veth-test2
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::7c43:1aff:fe8a:a153/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
再查看veth-test1,状态也变成了UP,所以刚才的LOWERLAYERDOWN可以理解为等待其它设备与它连接。
$ ip netns exec test1 ip a s
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: veth-test1@if3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether b6:6e:98:86:5c:80 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netns test2
inet 192.168.1.1/24 scope global veth-test1
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::b46e:98ff:fe86:5c80/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4.测试网络连接
最后,使用ping命令来测试以两个命名空间中2个网络接口是否能正常连接。
$ ip netns exec test1 ping 192.168.1.2
PING 192.168.1.2 (192.168.1.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.037 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.065 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.065 ms
^C
--- 192.168.1.2 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 37ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.037/0.055/0.065/0.015 ms
$ ip netns exec test2 ping 192.168.1.1
PING 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.033 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.063 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.063 ms
^C
--- 192.168.1.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 45ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.033/0.053/0.063/0.014 ms
从结果可以看到,创建两个网络命名空间,再将一对veth设备分配给它们,配置ip地址后,互相就能正常连接了。
实际上,同一个宿主机上,不同的docker容器之间能够进行网络连接,也正是这个原理。
最后,上一张简单的示意图来总结下上面实验,可能命令和输出结果太多了让人眼花,对照图片看看吧。