英语常用物称表达法,即不用人称主语来叙述,而是表达客观事物如何作用于人的感知,让事物以客观的口气呈现出来。这样往往是叙述显得客观、冷静,结构趋于严密、紧凑,语气较为委婉间接。
汉语往往从自我出发来叙述事物,常用人称。当人称可以不言自喻时,又常常隐含人称或省略人称。
汉语重人称,英语重物称,这一特点主要表现在如何使用主语和动词这两方面。
英语用非人称主语表达时,往往注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”,非人称做主语的句子大体分为两大类:
▲用抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语,同时又使用本来表示人的动作或行为的动词作谓语,因而这种句式往往带有隐喻或拟人化色彩。
My good fortune has sent you to me, and we will never part.
能拥有你,我很幸运,让我们永不分离。
No city on American soil had known such destruction.
在美国国土上,没有一座城市曾经遭受过如此严重的破坏。
在汉译英中,用“物称”代替“人称”常常是一种有效的手段,如:
我怎么也想不起你的名字。
Your name obstinately escapes me.
恕我孤陋寡闻,对此关系一无所知。
My total ignorance of the connection must plead my apology.
丛林死一般寂静,他还是毫无睡意。
Sleep did not visit him although the silence of a dead world was on the jungle.
英译汉时往往要把非人称主语转换为其他主语或人称主语,这几乎是一条使用而有效的原则,此外,还可采用多项如下技巧:
①转换非人称主语,把英语的简单句拆成汉语的复合句:
A very little encouragement would set that worldly woman to talk volubly, and pour our all within her.
这个老于世故的女人,只要人家稍微助助她的兴,她便马上滔滔不绝地把一肚子的话一股脑儿倒出来。
Landing of a few armored columns in the occupied areas would bring mass uprisings.
只要几个装甲纵队在沦陷地区登陆,就会引起群众性起义。
②转换非人称主语,把英语的简单句或复合句拆成汉语的并列句或流水句:
Her doubts and terrors reached their paroxysm.
她突然又怀疑又害怕,一时不能自持。
The satisfaction of Miss Bennet’s mind gave such a glow of sweet animation to her face.
贝内特小姐心满意足,不禁桃腮泛晕,流露出一丝激动的神情来。
③把非人称主语句转换成汉语的无主句或主语泛称句:
The mastery of a language requires painstaking effort.
要掌握一门语言,必须下苦功夫。
Dusk found the little girl crying in the street.
黄昏时分,人们发现这个小女孩在街上哭泣。
④把非人称主语转换成汉语的状语或介词短语:
Investigation led us to the foregoing conclusion.
经过调查,我们得出上述结论。
The Western Desert was no place for men without the protection of amour and guns.
在西部沙漠,士兵们没有装甲车和大炮的掩护是不行的。
⑤把非人称主语转换成汉语的外位成分,汉语的主语用“这”来代称这个外位成分:
His knowledge of applied science will stand him in good stead.
他懂得应用科学,这对他很有利。
▲用非人称代词it作主语。代词it除了用来代替除人外的生物或事物外,还广泛用作填补词(expletive),如:
①用作先行词,代替真正的主语或宾语
It is not our view that the substance or the tone of his remarks this morning will contribute to creating a lasting peace in the Middle East.
我们认为,他今天上午发言的内容和口气都无助于在中东建立持久的和平。
It never occurred to me that she was so honest.
我从没想到她这么不老实。
②用作虚义词,代替的主语是难以严明的现象或情况,以表示自然现象、时间、空间及惯用语中:
How is it with the sick man?
那病人怎么样了?
It is only half an hour’s walk to the ferry.
只要走半个钟头就可以到轮渡。
③用作强调词,引导所强调的成分,也是一种形式主语:
It is a good horse that never stumbles.
人有失误,马有失蹄。
此外,英语的there be句式及用不定代词one作主语的句子也具有非人称倾向,汉语则用比较具体的人称或事物作主语,或不用主语:
In 1985, there was a strike participated in by five thousand workers.
1985年,五千个工人参加了一次罢工。
One must be a servant before one can be a master.
要当主人,先当仆人。