1. 什么是 Runtime？
Objective-C 语言 是一门动态语言。在编译阶段并不知道变量的具体数据类型，也不知道所真正调用的哪个函数。只有在运行时间才检查变量的数据类型，同时在运行时才会根据函数名查找要调用的具体函数。这样在程序没运行的时候，我们并不知道调用一个方法具体会发生什么。
将源代码转换为可执行的程序，通常要经过三个步骤：编译、链接、运行。不同的编译语言，在这三个步骤中所进行的操作又有些不同。
Objective-C 语言 把一些决定性的工作从编译阶段、链接阶段推迟到 运行时阶段 的机制，使得 Objective-C 变得更加灵活。我们甚至可以在程序运行的时候，动态的去修改一个方法的实现，这也为大为流行的『热更新』提供了可能性。
而实现 Objective-C 语言 运行时机制 的一切基础就是 Runtime。
Runtime 实际上是一个库，这个库使我们可以在程序运行时动态的创建对象、检查对象，修改类和对象的方法。
程序的入口main函数
我们知道，程序的入口点在iOS中是main函数：
int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
NSString * appDelegateClassName;
@autoreleasepool {
// Setup code that might create autoreleased objects goes here.
appDelegateClassName = NSStringFromClass([AppDelegate class]);
}
return UIApplicationMain(argc, argv, nil, appDelegateClassName);
}
我们所写的所有代码，它的执行的第一步，均是由main函数开始的。
但其实，在程序进入main函数之前，内核已经为我们的程序加载和运行做了许多的事情。
我们都知道main函数式App的唯一入口，但是load方法却是最先走的，而静态方法是后走，main函数反而是最后执行的
我们在XCode中设置符号断点void _objc_init(void)，则会发现，在进入main函数之前，其实系统还会调用void _objc_init(void) 方法：
image.png
_objc_init 是Object-C runtime的入口函数，在这里面主要功能是读取Mach-O文件OC对应的Segment seciton，并根据其中的数据代码信息，完成为OC的内存布局，以及初始化runtime相关的数据结构。
Mach-O格式
在深入了解
_objc_init的实现之前，我们需要先了解iOS系统中可执行文件的文件格式：Mach-O格式。Mach-O是Mach Object文件格式的缩写。它是用于可执行文件，动态库，目标代码的文件格式。作为a.out格式的替代，Mach-O格式提供了更强的扩展性，以及更快的符号表信息访问速度。关于Mach-O格式，
我们可以在XCode 工程 product文件夹下找到RuntimeEnter.app工程，用finder打开所在目录，其实RuntimeEnter.app是一个压缩包，用鼠标右键选择show Package Contents ，可以看到下面有这些文件，其中和我们工程同名的可运行程序就是Mach-O格式的可运行文件：
image.png
我们可以看到，_objc_init 是被_dyld_start 所调用起来的，_dyld_start 是dyld的bootstrap方法，最终调用到了_objc_init。
dyld是苹果的动态加载器，用来加载image（注意这里image不是指图片，而是Mach
-O格式的二进制文件）。
当程序启动时，系统内核首先会加载dyld， 而dyld会将我们APP所依赖的各种库加载到内存空间中，其中就包括libobjc库（OC和runtime）, 这些工作，是在APP的main函数执行前完成的。
- 我们知道在App运行过程中会依赖底层很多的库，这些库有静态库和动态库
静态库通常以.a，.lib或者.framework结尾，
动态库以.tbd，.so，.framework结尾
静态库：链接时，静态库会被完整的复制到可执行文件中，被多次使用就会有多份冗余拷贝
动态库：链接时不复制，程序运行时由系统动态加载到内存，供程序调用，系统只加载一次，多个程序公用，节省内存
补充：这里的静态，动态库主要是苹果官方的，我们自己的私有动态库是不会公用的
在_objc_init 方法中，会注册监听来自dlyd的以下事件：
void _objc_init (void)
{
static bool initialized = false;
if (initialized) return;
initialized = true;
// fixme defer initialization until an objc-using image is found?
environ_init(); //读取影响运行时的环境变量,如果需要,还可以打印环境变量
tls_init(); //关于线程key的绑定 例如析构函数设置静态密钥key
//运行c++静态构造函数,libc在dyld调用静态构造函数之前调用_objc_init(),
//所以我们必须自己做.
static_init();
runtime_init();
exception_init();
cache_init();
_imp_implementationWithBlock_init();
//注册镜像加载通知回调
/**
注:仅供objc运行时使用
映射、未映射和初始化objc映像时要调用的寄存器处理程序
Dyld将使用包含objc-image-info部分的镜像数组调用“mapped”函数
那些是dylib的镜像会自动替换ref计数,因此objc不再需要对它们调用dlopen()来防止它们被卸载
在调用_dyld_objc_notify_register()期间,dyld将调用已经加载了objc镜像的“映射”函数
在以后的dlopen()调用期间,dyld还将调用“mapped”函数
当Dyld在该镜像中被称为初始化器时,Dyld将调用“init”函数
这是objc调用图像中的任何+load方法的时候
*/
_dyld_objc_notify_register(&map_images, load_images, unmap_image);
}
除去上面一堆init方法，我们重点关注
_dyld_objc_notify_register(&map_images, load_images, unmap_image);
_dyld_objc_notify_register方法注册了对dyld中关于加载images的事件回调：
分别注册了那些事件呢？根据注释，我们可以知道，共注册了三个事件的回调：
_dyld_objc_notify_mapped(对应&map_images回调)：当dyld已将images加载入内存时。
_dyld_objc_notify_init(对应load_images回调)：当dyld初始化image后。OC调用类的+load方法，就是在这时进行的。
_dyld_objc_notify_unmapped(对应unmap_image回调)：当dyld将images移除内存时。
_dyld_objc_notify_mapped
当image被dyld加载到内存后，会调用回调_dyld_objc_notify_mapped 。在runtime中，对应的函数是：
void
map_images(unsigned count, const char * const paths[],
const struct mach_header * const mhdrs[])
{
rwlock_writer_t lock(runtimeLock);
return map_images_nolock(count, paths, mhdrs);
}
void
map_images_nolock(unsigned mhCount, const char * const mhPaths[],
const struct mach_header * const mhdrs[])
{
static bool firstTime = YES;
header_info *hList[mhCount];
uint32_t hCount;
size_t selrefCount = 0;
// Perform first-time initialization if necessary.
// This function is called before ordinary library initializers.
// fixme defer initialization until an objc-using image is found?
if (firstTime) {
preopt_init();
}
if (PrintImages) {
_objc_inform("IMAGES: processing %u newly-mapped images...\n", mhCount);
}
// Find all images with Objective-C metadata.
hCount = 0;
// Count classes. Size various table based on the total.
int totalClasses = 0;
int unoptimizedTotalClasses = 0;
{
uint32_t i = mhCount;
while (i--) {
const headerType *mhdr = (const headerType *)mhdrs[I];
auto hi = addHeader(mhdr, mhPaths[i], totalClasses, unoptimizedTotalClasses);
if (!hi) {
// no objc data in this entry
continue;
}
if (mhdr->filetype == MH_EXECUTE) {
// Size some data structures based on main executable's size
#if __OBJC2__
size_t count;
_getObjc2SelectorRefs(hi, &count);
selrefCount += count;
_getObjc2MessageRefs(hi, &count);
selrefCount += count;
#else
_getObjcSelectorRefs(hi, &selrefCount);
#endif
#if SUPPORT_GC_COMPAT
// Halt if this is a GC app.
if (shouldRejectGCApp(hi)) {
_objc_fatal_with_reason
(OBJC_EXIT_REASON_GC_NOT_SUPPORTED,
OS_REASON_FLAG_CONSISTENT_FAILURE,
"Objective-C garbage collection "
"is no longer supported.");
}
#endif
}
hList[hCount++] = hi;
if (PrintImages) {
_objc_inform("IMAGES: loading image for %s%s%s%s%s\n",
hi->fname(),
mhdr->filetype == MH_BUNDLE ? " (bundle)" : "",
hi->info()->isReplacement() ? " (replacement)" : "",
hi->info()->hasCategoryClassProperties() ? " (has class properties)" : "",
hi->info()->optimizedByDyld()?" (preoptimized)":"");
}
}
}
// Perform one-time runtime initialization that must be deferred until
// the executable itself is found. This needs to be done before
// further initialization.
// (The executable may not be present in this infoList if the
// executable does not contain Objective-C code but Objective-C
// is dynamically loaded later.
if (firstTime) {
sel_init(selrefCount);
arr_init();
#if SUPPORT_GC_COMPAT
// Reject any GC images linked to the main executable.
// We already rejected the app itself above.
// Images loaded after launch will be rejected by dyld.
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < hCount; i++) {
auto hi = hList[I];
auto mh = hi->mhdr();
if (mh->filetype != MH_EXECUTE && shouldRejectGCImage(mh)) {
_objc_fatal_with_reason
(OBJC_EXIT_REASON_GC_NOT_SUPPORTED,
OS_REASON_FLAG_CONSISTENT_FAILURE,
"%s requires Objective-C garbage collection "
"which is no longer supported.", hi->fname());
}
}
#endif
#if TARGET_OS_OSX
// Disable +initialize fork safety if the app is too old (< 10.13).
// Disable +initialize fork safety if the app has a
// __DATA,__objc_fork_ok section.
if (dyld_get_program_sdk_version() < DYLD_MACOSX_VERSION_10_13) {
DisableInitializeForkSafety = true;
if (PrintInitializing) {
_objc_inform("INITIALIZE: disabling +initialize fork "
"safety enforcement because the app is "
"too old (SDK version " SDK_FORMAT ")",
FORMAT_SDK(dyld_get_program_sdk_version()));
}
}
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < hCount; i++) {
auto hi = hList[I];
auto mh = hi->mhdr();
if (mh->filetype != MH_EXECUTE) continue;
unsigned long size;
if (getsectiondata(hi->mhdr(), "__DATA", "__objc_fork_ok", &size)) {
DisableInitializeForkSafety = true;
if (PrintInitializing) {
_objc_inform("INITIALIZE: disabling +initialize fork "
"safety enforcement because the app has "
"a __DATA,__objc_fork_ok section");
}
}
break; // assume only one MH_EXECUTE image
}
#endif
}
if (hCount > 0) {
_read_images(hList, hCount, totalClasses, unoptimizedTotalClasses);
}
firstTime = NO;
// Call image load funcs after everything is set up.
for (auto func : loadImageFuncs) {
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < mhCount; i++) {
func(mhdrs[I]);
}
}
}
map_images方法实质上会调用map_images_nolock方法。
而在map_images_nolock内部，又调用了_read_images方法，其核心是用来读取Mach-O格式文件的runtime相关的section信息，并转化为runtime内部的数据结构。
我们来看一下_read_images 方法的实现：
void _read_images(header_info **hList, uint32_t hCount, int totalClasses, int unoptimizedTotalClasses)
{
header_info *hi;
uint32_t hIndex;
size_t count;
size_t I;
Class *resolvedFutureClasses = nil;
size_t resolvedFutureClassCount = 0;
static bool doneOnce;
bool launchTime = NO;
TimeLogger ts(PrintImageTimes);
runtimeLock.assertLocked();
#define EACH_HEADER \
hIndex = 0; \
hIndex < hCount && (hi = hList[hIndex]); \
hIndex++
if (!doneOnce) {
doneOnce = YES;
launchTime = YES;
#if SUPPORT_NONPOINTER_ISA
// Disable non-pointer isa under some conditions.
# if SUPPORT_INDEXED_ISA
// Disable nonpointer isa if any image contains old Swift code
for (EACH_HEADER) {
if (hi->info()->containsSwift() &&
hi->info()->swiftUnstableVersion() < objc_image_info::SwiftVersion3)
{
DisableNonpointerIsa = true;
if (PrintRawIsa) {
_objc_inform("RAW ISA: disabling non-pointer isa because "
"the app or a framework contains Swift code "
"older than Swift 3.0");
}
break;
}
}
# endif
# if TARGET_OS_OSX
// Disable non-pointer isa if the app is too old
// (linked before OS X 10.11)
if (dyld_get_program_sdk_version() < DYLD_MACOSX_VERSION_10_11) {
DisableNonpointerIsa = true;
if (PrintRawIsa) {
_objc_inform("RAW ISA: disabling non-pointer isa because "
"the app is too old (SDK version " SDK_FORMAT ")",
FORMAT_SDK(dyld_get_program_sdk_version()));
}
}
// Disable non-pointer isa if the app has a __DATA,__objc_rawisa section
// New apps that load old extensions may need this.
for (EACH_HEADER) {
if (hi->mhdr()->filetype != MH_EXECUTE) continue;
unsigned long size;
if (getsectiondata(hi->mhdr(), "__DATA", "__objc_rawisa", &size)) {
DisableNonpointerIsa = true;
if (PrintRawIsa) {
_objc_inform("RAW ISA: disabling non-pointer isa because "
"the app has a __DATA,__objc_rawisa section");
}
}
break; // assume only one MH_EXECUTE image
}
# endif
#endif
if (DisableTaggedPointers) {
disableTaggedPointers();
}
initializeTaggedPointerObfuscator();
if (PrintConnecting) {
_objc_inform("CLASS: found %d classes during launch", totalClasses);
}
// namedClasses
// Preoptimized classes don't go in this table.
// 4/3 is NXMapTable's load factor
int namedClassesSize =
(isPreoptimized() ? unoptimizedTotalClasses : totalClasses) * 4 / 3;
gdb_objc_realized_classes =
NXCreateMapTable(NXStrValueMapPrototype, namedClassesSize);
ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: first time tasks");
}
// Fix up @selector references
static size_t UnfixedSelectors;
{
mutex_locker_t lock(selLock);
for (EACH_HEADER) {
if (hi->hasPreoptimizedSelectors()) continue;
bool isBundle = hi->isBundle();
SEL *sels = _getObjc2SelectorRefs(hi, &count);
UnfixedSelectors += count;
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
const char *name = sel_cname(sels[i]);
SEL sel = sel_registerNameNoLock(name, isBundle);
if (sels[i] != sel) {
sels[i] = sel;
}
}
}
}
ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: fix up selector references");
// Discover classes. Fix up unresolved future classes. Mark bundle classes.
bool hasDyldRoots = dyld_shared_cache_some_image_overridden();
for (EACH_HEADER) {
if (! mustReadClasses(hi, hasDyldRoots)) {
// Image is sufficiently optimized that we need not call readClass()
continue;
}
classref_t const *classlist = _getObjc2ClassList(hi, &count);
bool headerIsBundle = hi->isBundle();
bool headerIsPreoptimized = hi->hasPreoptimizedClasses();
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
Class cls = (Class)classlist[I];
Class newCls = readClass(cls, headerIsBundle, headerIsPreoptimized);
if (newCls != cls && newCls) {
// Class was moved but not deleted. Currently this occurs
// only when the new class resolved a future class.
// Non-lazily realize the class below.
resolvedFutureClasses = (Class *)
realloc(resolvedFutureClasses,
(resolvedFutureClassCount+1) * sizeof(Class));
resolvedFutureClasses[resolvedFutureClassCount++] = newCls;
}
}
}
ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: discover classes");
// Fix up remapped classes
// Class list and nonlazy class list remain unremapped.
// Class refs and super refs are remapped for message dispatching.
if (!noClassesRemapped()) {
for (EACH_HEADER) {
Class *classrefs = _getObjc2ClassRefs(hi, &count);
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
remapClassRef(&classrefs[I]);
}
// fixme why doesn't test future1 catch the absence of this?
classrefs = _getObjc2SuperRefs(hi, &count);
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
remapClassRef(&classrefs[I]);
}
}
}
ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: remap classes");
#if SUPPORT_FIXUP
// Fix up old objc_msgSend_fixup call sites
for (EACH_HEADER) {
message_ref_t *refs = _getObjc2MessageRefs(hi, &count);
if (count == 0) continue;
if (PrintVtables) {
_objc_inform("VTABLES: repairing %zu unsupported vtable dispatch "
"call sites in %s", count, hi->fname());
}
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
fixupMessageRef(refs+i);
}
}
ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: fix up objc_msgSend_fixup");
#endif
bool cacheSupportsProtocolRoots = sharedCacheSupportsProtocolRoots();
// Discover protocols. Fix up protocol refs.
for (EACH_HEADER) {
extern objc_class OBJC_CLASS_$_Protocol;
Class cls = (Class)&OBJC_CLASS_$_Protocol;
ASSERT(cls);
NXMapTable *protocol_map = protocols();
bool isPreoptimized = hi->hasPreoptimizedProtocols();
// Skip reading protocols if this is an image from the shared cache
// and we support roots
// Note, after launch we do need to walk the protocol as the protocol
// in the shared cache is marked with isCanonical() and that may not
// be true if some non-shared cache binary was chosen as the canonical
// definition
if (launchTime && isPreoptimized && cacheSupportsProtocolRoots) {
if (PrintProtocols) {
_objc_inform("PROTOCOLS: Skipping reading protocols in image: %s",
hi->fname());
}
continue;
}
bool isBundle = hi->isBundle();
protocol_t * const *protolist = _getObjc2ProtocolList(hi, &count);
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
readProtocol(protolist[i], cls, protocol_map,
isPreoptimized, isBundle);
}
}
ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: discover protocols");
// Fix up @protocol references
// Preoptimized images may have the right
// answer already but we don't know for sure.
for (EACH_HEADER) {
// At launch time, we know preoptimized image refs are pointing at the
// shared cache definition of a protocol. We can skip the check on
// launch, but have to visit @protocol refs for shared cache images
// loaded later.
if (launchTime && cacheSupportsProtocolRoots && hi->isPreoptimized())
continue;
protocol_t **protolist = _getObjc2ProtocolRefs(hi, &count);
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
remapProtocolRef(&protolist[I]);
}
}
ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: fix up @protocol references");
// Discover categories.
for (EACH_HEADER) {
bool hasClassProperties = hi->info()->hasCategoryClassProperties();
auto processCatlist = [&](category_t * const *catlist) {
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
category_t *cat = catlist[I];
Class cls = remapClass(cat->cls);
locstamped_category_t lc{cat, hi};
if (!cls) {
// Category's target class is missing (probably weak-linked).
// Ignore the category.
if (PrintConnecting) {
_objc_inform("CLASS: IGNORING category \?\?\?(%s) %p with "
"missing weak-linked target class",
cat->name, cat);
}
continue;
}
// Process this category.
if (cls->isStubClass()) {
// Stub classes are never realized. Stub classes
// don't know their metaclass until they're
// initialized, so we have to add categories with
// class methods or properties to the stub itself.
// methodizeClass() will find them and add them to
// the metaclass as appropriate.
if (cat->instanceMethods ||
cat->protocols ||
cat->instanceProperties ||
cat->classMethods ||
cat->protocols ||
(hasClassProperties && cat->_classProperties))
{
objc::unattachedCategories.addForClass(lc, cls);
}
} else {
// First, register the category with its target class.
// Then, rebuild the class's method lists (etc) if
// the class is realized.
if (cat->instanceMethods || cat->protocols
|| cat->instanceProperties)
{
if (cls->isRealized()) {
attachCategories(cls, &lc, 1, ATTACH_EXISTING);
} else {
objc::unattachedCategories.addForClass(lc, cls);
}
}
if (cat->classMethods || cat->protocols
|| (hasClassProperties && cat->_classProperties))
{
if (cls->ISA()->isRealized()) {
attachCategories(cls->ISA(), &lc, 1, ATTACH_EXISTING | ATTACH_METACLASS);
} else {
objc::unattachedCategories.addForClass(lc, cls->ISA());
}
}
}
}
};
processCatlist(_getObjc2CategoryList(hi, &count));
processCatlist(_getObjc2CategoryList2(hi, &count));
}
ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: discover categories");
// Category discovery MUST BE Late to avoid potential races
// when other threads call the new category code before
// this thread finishes its fixups.
// +load handled by prepare_load_methods()
// Realize non-lazy classes (for +load methods and static instances)
for (EACH_HEADER) {
classref_t const *classlist =
_getObjc2NonlazyClassList(hi, &count);
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
Class cls = remapClass(classlist[i]);
if (!cls) continue;
addClassTableEntry(cls);
if (cls->isSwiftStable()) {
if (cls->swiftMetadataInitializer()) {
_objc_fatal("Swift class %s with a metadata initializer "
"is not allowed to be non-lazy",
cls->nameForLogging());
}
// fixme also disallow relocatable classes
// We can't disallow all Swift classes because of
// classes like Swift.__EmptyArrayStorage
}
realizeClassWithoutSwift(cls, nil);
}
}
ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: realize non-lazy classes");
// Realize newly-resolved future classes, in case CF manipulates them
if (resolvedFutureClasses) {
for (i = 0; i < resolvedFutureClassCount; i++) {
Class cls = resolvedFutureClasses[I];
if (cls->isSwiftStable()) {
_objc_fatal("Swift class is not allowed to be future");
}
realizeClassWithoutSwift(cls, nil);
cls->setInstancesRequireRawIsaRecursively(false/*inherited*/);
}
free(resolvedFutureClasses);
}
ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: realize future classes");
if (DebugNonFragileIvars) {
realizeAllClasses();
}
// Print preoptimization statistics
if (PrintPreopt) {
static unsigned int PreoptTotalMethodLists;
static unsigned int PreoptOptimizedMethodLists;
static unsigned int PreoptTotalClasses;
static unsigned int PreoptOptimizedClasses;
for (EACH_HEADER) {
if (hi->hasPreoptimizedSelectors()) {
_objc_inform("PREOPTIMIZATION: honoring preoptimized selectors "
"in %s", hi->fname());
}
else if (hi->info()->optimizedByDyld()) {
_objc_inform("PREOPTIMIZATION: IGNORING preoptimized selectors "
"in %s", hi->fname());
}
classref_t const *classlist = _getObjc2ClassList(hi, &count);
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
Class cls = remapClass(classlist[i]);
if (!cls) continue;
PreoptTotalClasses++;
if (hi->hasPreoptimizedClasses()) {
PreoptOptimizedClasses++;
}
const method_list_t *mlist;
if ((mlist = ((class_ro_t *)cls->data())->baseMethods())) {
PreoptTotalMethodLists++;
if (mlist->isFixedUp()) {
PreoptOptimizedMethodLists++;
}
}
if ((mlist=((class_ro_t *)cls->ISA()->data())->baseMethods())) {
PreoptTotalMethodLists++;
if (mlist->isFixedUp()) {
PreoptOptimizedMethodLists++;
}
}
}
}
_objc_inform("PREOPTIMIZATION: %zu selector references not "
"pre-optimized", UnfixedSelectors);
_objc_inform("PREOPTIMIZATION: %u/%u (%.3g%%) method lists pre-sorted",
PreoptOptimizedMethodLists, PreoptTotalMethodLists,
PreoptTotalMethodLists
? 100.0*PreoptOptimizedMethodLists/PreoptTotalMethodLists
: 0.0);
_objc_inform("PREOPTIMIZATION: %u/%u (%.3g%%) classes pre-registered",
PreoptOptimizedClasses, PreoptTotalClasses,
PreoptTotalClasses
? 100.0*PreoptOptimizedClasses/PreoptTotalClasses
: 0.0);
_objc_inform("PREOPTIMIZATION: %zu protocol references not "
"pre-optimized", UnfixedProtocolReferences);
}
#undef EACH_HEADER
}
_read_images 方法写了很长，其实就是做了一件事，将Mach-O文件的section依次读取，并根据内容初始化runtime的内存结构。
根据注释，_read_images 方法主要做了下面这些事情：
- 是否需要禁用isa优化。这里有三种情况：使用了swift 3.0前的swift代码。OSX版本早于10.11。在OSX系统下，Mach-O的DATA段明确指明了__objc_rawisa（不使用优化的isa）。
- 在
__objc_classlistsection中读取class list
- 在
- 在
__objc_classrefssection中读取class 引用的信息，并调用- remapClassRef方法来处理。
- 在
- 在
__objc_selrefssection中读取selector的引用信息，并调用sel_registerNameNoLock方法处理。
- 在
- 在
__objc_protolistsection中读取cls的Protocol信息，并调用readProtocol方法来读取Protocol信息。
- 在
- 6.在
__objc_protorefssection中读取protocol的ref信息，并调用remapProtocolRef方法来处理。 - 在
__objc_nlclslistsection中读取non-lazy class信息，并调用static Class realizeClass(Class cls)方法来实现这些class。realizeClass方法核心是初始化objc_class数据结构，赋予初始值。
- 在
- 在
__objc_catlistsection中读取category信息，并调用addUnattachedCategoryForClass方法来为类或元类添加对应的方法，属性和协议。关于Category，我们在前面的文章中，已经有过相关的讨论。
以上就是在dyld将image map到内存后，runtime所做的事情：根据Mach-O相关section中的信息，来初始化runtim的内存结构。
- 在
_dyld_objc_notify_init
当dyld要init image的时候，会产生_dyld_objc_notify_init通知。在runime中, 是通过load_images方法做回调响应的。
void
load_images(const char *path __unused, const struct mach_header *mh)
{
// Return without taking locks if there are no +load methods here.
if (!hasLoadMethods((const headerType *)mh)) return;
recursive_mutex_locker_t lock(loadMethodLock);
// Discover load methods
{
rwlock_writer_t lock2(runtimeLock);
prepare_load_methods((const headerType *)mh);
}
// Call +load methods (without runtimeLock - re-entrant)
call_load_methods();
}
在
load_images方法其实就是干了一件事，调用Class的+load()方法。
runtime调用+load()方法分为两步走：1. Discover load methods 2. Call +load methods
Discover load methods
在Discover load methods中，会调用prepare_load_methods 来处理+load方法：
void prepare_load_methods(const headerType *mhdr)
{
size_t count, I;
runtimeLock.assertLocked();
classref_t const *classlist =
_getObjc2NonlazyClassList(mhdr, &count);
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
schedule_class_load(remapClass(classlist[i]));
}
category_t * const *categorylist = _getObjc2NonlazyCategoryList(mhdr, &count);
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
category_t *cat = categorylist[I];
Class cls = remapClass(cat->cls);
if (!cls) continue; // category for ignored weak-linked class
if (cls->isSwiftStable()) {
_objc_fatal("Swift class extensions and categories on Swift "
"classes are not allowed to have +load methods");
}
realizeClassWithoutSwift(cls, nil);
ASSERT(cls->ISA()->isRealized());
add_category_to_loadable_list(cat);
}
}
prepare_load_methods 逻辑分为两个部分：
- 调用
schedule_class_load来组织class的+load方法 - 调用
add_category_to_loadable_list来组织category的+load方法
schedule_class_load 方法实现如下：
static void schedule_class_load(Class cls)
{
if (!cls) return;
ASSERT(cls->isRealized()); // _read_images should realize
if (cls->data()->flags & RW_LOADED) return;
// Ensure superclass-first ordering
schedule_class_load(cls->superclass);
add_class_to_loadable_list(cls);
cls->setInfo(RW_LOADED);
}
这是一个递归调用，会先把superclass用add_class_to_loadable_list方法到loadable class list中：
void add_class_to_loadable_list(Class cls)
{
IMP method;
loadMethodLock.assertLocked();
method = cls->getLoadMethod();
if (!method) return; // Don't bother if cls has no +load method
if (PrintLoading) {
_objc_inform("LOAD: class '%s' scheduled for +load",
cls->nameForLogging());
}
if (loadable_classes_used == loadable_classes_allocated) {
loadable_classes_allocated = loadable_classes_allocated*2 + 16;
loadable_classes = (struct loadable_class *)
realloc(loadable_classes,
loadable_classes_allocated *
sizeof(struct loadable_class));
}
loadable_classes[loadable_classes_used].cls = cls;
loadable_classes[loadable_classes_used].method = method;
loadable_classes_used++;
}
从上面的方法可以看出，每一个定义了+load的类，都会被放到loadable_classes中。
因此，+load方法并不存在子类重写父类之说。而且父类的+load方法会先于子类调用。
在来看一下add_category_to_loadable_list方法：
void add_category_to_loadable_list(Category cat)
{
IMP method;
loadMethodLock.assertLocked();
method = _category_getLoadMethod(cat);
// Don't bother if cat has no +load method
if (!method) return;
if (PrintLoading) {
_objc_inform("LOAD: category '%s(%s)' scheduled for +load",
_category_getClassName(cat), _category_getName(cat));
}
if (loadable_categories_used == loadable_categories_allocated) {
loadable_categories_allocated = loadable_categories_allocated*2 + 16;
loadable_categories = (struct loadable_category *)
realloc(loadable_categories,
loadable_categories_allocated *
sizeof(struct loadable_category));
}
loadable_categories[loadable_categories_used].cat = cat;
loadable_categories[loadable_categories_used].method = method;
loadable_categories_used++;
}
在add_category_to_loadable_list 方法中，会将所有定义了+load方法的category都放到loadable_categories队列中。
call_load_methods
将定义了+load方法的class和category分别放到loadable_classes 和 loadable_categories 队列后，runtime就会依次读取队列中的class和category，并为之调用+load方法：
* Locking: loadMethodLock must be held by the caller
* All other locks must not be held.
**********************************************************************/
void call_load_methods(void)
{
static bool loading = NO;
bool more_categories;
loadMethodLock.assertLocked();
// Re-entrant calls do nothing; the outermost call will finish the job.
if (loading) return;
loading = YES;
void *pool = objc_autoreleasePoolPush();
do {
// 1. Repeatedly call class +loads until there aren't any more
while (loadable_classes_used > 0) {
call_class_loads();
}
// 2. Call category +loads ONCE
more_categories = call_category_loads();
// 3. Run more +loads if there are classes OR more untried categories
} while (loadable_classes_used > 0 || more_categories);
objc_autoreleasePoolPop(pool);
loading = NO;
}
从上面的call_load_methods方法可以看出：
-
super class的+load方法调用时机是先于sub class的 -
class的+load方法调用时机是先于category的
_dyld_objc_notify_unmapped
当dyld要将image移除内存时，会发送_dyld_objc_notify_unmapped通知。在runtime中，是用unmap_image方法来响应的。
void
unmap_image(const char *path __unused, const struct mach_header *mh)
{
recursive_mutex_locker_t lock(loadMethodLock);
rwlock_writer_t lock2(runtimeLock);
unmap_image_nolock(mh);
}
void
unmap_image_nolock(const struct mach_header *mh)
{
if (PrintImages) {
_objc_inform("IMAGES: processing 1 newly-unmapped image...\n");
}
header_info *hi;
// Find the runtime's header_info struct for the image
for (hi = FirstHeader; hi != NULL; hi = hi->getNext()) {
if (hi->mhdr() == (const headerType *)mh) {
break;
}
}
if (!hi) return;
if (PrintImages) {
_objc_inform("IMAGES: unloading image for %s%s%s\n",
hi->fname(),
hi->mhdr()->filetype == MH_BUNDLE ? " (bundle)" : "",
hi->info()->isReplacement() ? " (replacement)" : "");
}
_unload_image(hi);
// Remove header_info from header list
removeHeader(hi);
free(hi);
}
主要是做了header信息的移除。
总结
131601376663_.pic_hd.jpg
app：images（镜像文件）->dyld：读到内存（也就是加表里），启动主程序 - 进行link - 一些必要对象的初始化（runtime，libsysteminit，OS_init的初始化）。
在本篇文章中，我们知道了dyld在main()函数之前，会调用runtime的_objc_init 方法。_objc_init是runtime的入口函数，它会根据Mach-O文件中相关的section信息来初始化runtime内存空间。比如，加载class，protocol，以及附加category到class，调用+load方法等。
当然，在main()函数前，dyld除了调用_objc_init 外，还会做许多其他的操作。如将动态链接库加载入内存。但这就不属于runtime的范畴了，我们不去深究。
