改进
因为是刚刚开始做这个项目，所以肯定有很多不足的地方，欢迎大家给我提出来．我自己也在不断改进．我的邮箱 : iphyer#163.com
今天的改进:
- 去除图片，因为图片虽然给出的信息量很大，但是在编辑文章的时候很难处理，同时如果有需要大家简单的登陆网站即可查看图片．事实上，判断一篇论文除了发表档次，通过摘要即可．当然我每个都是看的，但是，只有我自己看着觉得非常好的才会摘录进来．因为很多图片其实是要相关专业背景才能理解的．考虑到不是相关专业的同学，所以不转了．希望理解．
- 我自己比较熟悉的领域会给一些点评或者自己的读后感．
- 标注分类，帮助大家方便地判断是不是和自己的邻域相关
** 特别提醒很多和你自己不太相关的邻域阅读摘要和看看图片即可．**
1.Ancient gene flow from early modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v530/n7591/full/nature16544.html
Subject terms
Evolutionary genetics
Evolutionary biology
Genetic variation
Anthropology
摘要
It has been shown that Neanderthals contributed genetically to modern humans outside Africa 47,000–65,000 years ago. Here we analyse the genomes of a Neanderthal and a Denisovan from the Altai Mountains in Siberia together with the sequences of chromosome 21 of two Neanderthals from Spain and Croatia. We find that a population that diverged early from other modern humans in Africa contributed genetically to the ancestors of Neanderthals from the Altai Mountains roughly 100,000 years ago. By contrast, we do not detect such a genetic contribution in the Denisovan or the two European Neanderthals. We conclude that in addition to later interbreeding events, the ancestors of Neanderthals from the Altai Mountains and early modern humans met and interbred, possibly in the Near East, many thousands of years earlier than previously thought.
2.Expanding antigen-specific regulatory networks to treat autoimmunity
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v530/n7591/full/nature16962.html
Subject terms
Autoimmunity
Autoimmune diseases
摘要
Regulatory T cells hold promise as targets for therapeutic intervention in autoimmunity, but approaches capable of expanding antigen-specific regulatory T cells in vivo are currently not available. Here we show that systemic delivery of nanoparticles coated with autoimmune-disease-relevant peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex class II (pMHCII) molecules triggers the generation and expansion of antigen-specific regulatory CD4+ T cell type 1 (TR1)-like cells in different mouse models, including mice humanized with lymphocytes from patients, leading to resolution of established autoimmune phenomena. Ten pMHCII-based nanomedicines show similar biological effects, regardless of genetic background, prevalence of the cognate T-cell population or MHC restriction. These nanomedicines promote the differentiation of disease-primed autoreactive T cells into TR1-like cells, which in turn suppress autoantigen-loaded antigen-presenting cells and drive the differentiation of cognate B cells into disease-suppressing regulatory B cells, without compromising systemic immunity. pMHCII-based nanomedicines thus represent a new class of drugs, potentially useful for treating a broad spectrum of autoimmune conditions in a disease-specific manner.
3.The dynamic N1-methyladenosine methylome in eukaryotic messenger RNA
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v530/n7591/full/nature16998.html
Subject terms
RNA
Epigenetics
RNA modification
摘要
Gene expression can be regulated post-transcriptionally through dynamic and reversible RNA modifications. A recent noteworthy example is N6-methyladenosine (m6A), which affects messenger RNA (mRNA) localization, stability, translation and splicing. Here we report on a new mRNA modification, N1-methyladenosine (m1A), that occurs on thousands of different gene transcripts in eukaryotic cells, from yeast to mammals, at an estimated average transcript stoichiometry of 20% in humans. Employing newly developed sequencing approaches, we show that m1A is enriched around the start codon upstream of the first splice site: it preferentially decorates more structured regions around canonical and alternative translation initiation sites, is dynamic in response to physiological conditions, and correlates positively with protein production. These unique features are highly conserved in mouse and human cells, strongly indicating a functional role for m1A in promoting translation of methylated mRNA.
4.Structural basis for activity regulation of MLL family methyltransferases
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v530/n7591/full/nature16952.html
Subject terms
Enzyme mechanisms
X-ray crystallography
Epigenetics
Histone post-translational modifications
摘要
The mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL) family of proteins (including MLL1–MLL4, SET1A and SET1B) specifically methylate histone 3 Lys4, and have pivotal roles in the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in haematopoiesis and development. The methyltransferase activity of MLL1, by itself severely compromised, is stimulated by the three conserved factors WDR5, RBBP5 and ASH2L, which are shared by all MLL family complexes. However, the molecular mechanism of how these factors regulate the activity of MLL proteins still remains poorly understood. Here we show that a minimized human RBBP5–ASH2L heterodimer is the structural unit that interacts with and activates all MLL family histone methyltransferases. Our structural, biochemical and computational analyses reveal a two-step activation mechanism of MLL family proteins. These findings provide unprecedented insights into the common theme and functional plasticity in complex assembly and activity regulation of MLL family methyltransferases, and also suggest a universal regulation mechanism for most histone methyltransferases.
5.The host galaxy of a fast radio burst
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v530/n7591/full/nature17140.html
Subject terms
摘要
In recent years, millisecond-duration radio signals originating in distant galaxies appear to have been discovered in the so-called fast radio bursts. These signals are dispersed according to a precise physical law and this dispersion is a key observable quantity, which, in tandem with a red shift measurement, can be used for fundamental physical investigations. Every fast radio burst has a dispersion measurement, but none before now have had a red shift measurement, because of the difficulty in pinpointing their celestial coordinates. Here we report the discovery of a fast radio burst and the identification of a fading radio transient lasting ~6 days after the event, which we use to identify the host galaxy; we measure the galaxy’s red shift to be z = 0.492 ± 0.008. The dispersion measure and red shift, in combination, provide a direct measurement of the cosmic density of ionized baryons in the intergalactic medium of ΩIGM = 4.9 ± 1.3 per cent, in agreement with the expectation from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, and including all of the so-called ‘missing baryons’. The ~6-day radio transient is largely consistent with the radio afterglow of a short γ-ray burst, and its existence and timescale do not support progenitor models such as giant pulses from pulsars, and supernovae. This contrasts with the interpretation of another recently discovered fast radio burst, suggesting that there are at least two classes of bursts.
