练习材料

Lesson 44-4 Patterns of culture 文化的模式

In all the less controversial fields, like the study of cacti or termites or the nature of nebulae, the necessary method of study is to group the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization.

Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people's minds. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbour’s superstition. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest.

/ˈlɛsən/ 44-4 /ˈpætərnz/ /əv/ /ˈkʌlʧər/ 文化的模式

/ɪn/ /ɔl/ /ðə/ /lɛs/ /ˌkɑntrəˈvɜrʃəl/ /fildz/, /laɪk/ /ðə/ /ˈstʌdi/ /əv/ /ˈkæktaɪ/ /ɔr/ /ˈtɜrmaɪts/ /ɔr/ /ðə/ /ˈneɪʧər/ /əv/ nebulae, /ðə/ /ˈnɛsəˌsɛri/ /ˈmɛθəd/ /əv/ /ˈstʌdi/ /əz/ /tə/ /grup/ /ðə/ /ˈrɛləvənt/ /məˈtɪriəl/ /ənd/ /tə/ /teɪk/ /noʊt/ /əv/ /ɔl/ /ˈpɑsəbəl/ /ˈvɛriənt/ /fɔrmz/ /ənd/ /kənˈdɪʃənz/. /ɪn/ /ðɪs/ /weɪ/, /wi/ /həv/ /lɜrnd/ /ɔl/ /ðət/ /wi/ /noʊ/ /əv/ /ðə/ /lɔz/ /əv/ /əˈstrɑnəmi/, /ɔr/ /əv/ /ðə/ /ˈhæbəts/ /əv/ /ðə/ /ˈsoʊʃəl/ /ˈɪnˌsɛkts/, /lɛt/ /əs/ /seɪ/. /ɪt/ /əz/ /ˈoʊnli/ /ɪn/ /ðə/ /ˈstʌdi/ /əv/ /mæn/ /hɪmˈsɛlf/ /ðət/ /ðə/ /ˈmeɪʤər/ /ˈsoʊʃəl/ /ˈsaɪənsəz/ /həv/ /ˈsʌbstəˌtutəd/ /ðə/ /ˈstʌdi/ /əv/ /wʌn/ /ˈloʊkəl/ /ˌvɛriˈeɪʃən/, /ðæt/ /əv/ /ˈwɛstərn/ /ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən/.

/ˌænθrəˈpɑləʤi/ /wəz/ /baɪ/ /ˌdɛfəˈnɪʃən/ /ɪmˈpɑsəbəl/, /əz/ /lɔŋ/ /əz/ /ðiz/ /dɪˈstɪŋkʃənz/ /bɪˈtwin/ /aʊərˈsɛlvz/ /ənd/ /ðə/ /ˈprɪmətɪv/, /aʊərˈsɛlvz/ /ənd/ /ðə/ /bɑrˈbɛriən/, /aʊərˈsɛlvz/ /ənd/ /ðə/ /ˈpeɪgən/, /hɛld/ /sweɪ/ /ˈoʊvər/ /ˈpipəlz/ /maɪndz/. /ɪt/ /wəz/ /ˈnɛsəˌsɛri/ /fɜrst/ /tʊ/ /əˈraɪv/ /ət/ /ðət/ /dɪˈgri/ /əv/ /səˌfɪstəˈkeɪʃən/ /wɛr/ /wi/ /noʊ/ /ˈlɔŋgər/ /sɛt/ /ˈaʊər/ /oʊn/ /bɪˈlif/ /əˈgɛnst/ /ˈaʊər/ neighbour's /ˌsupərˈstɪʃən/. /ɪt/ /wəz/ /ˈnɛsəˌsɛri/ /tə/ /ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪz/ /ðət/ /ðiz/ /ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənz/ /wɪʧ/ /ər/ /beɪst/ /ɑn/ /ðə/ /seɪm/ /ˈprɛməsəz/, /lɛt/ /əs/ /seɪ/ /ðə/ /ˌsupərˈnæʧərəl/, /məst/ /bi/ /kənˈsɪdərd/ /təˈgɛðər/, /ˈaʊər/ /oʊn/ /əˈmʌŋ/ /ðə/ /rɛst/.