Part 1 句子的构成
Section 1. 概述
1.句子一定由主语+动词构成。
2.有时候主语可以省略，这时构成祈使句，注意祈使句的开头为动词原型，如：
◀️Work hard! = (You should) work hard.
3.祈使句变成否定形式时，在原型动词之前加Don't.
Section 2.可以充当主语的词类
1.名词做主语
◀️Gold is of much value.
2.代词做主语
◀️He likes playing basketball.
3.动名词或不定式短语做主语
动词不可以直接充当主语，要变成动名词或不定式短语，才可以当主语。
◀️Seeing him makes me happy.[Seeing 为动名词]
◀️To see him is my purpose to come here.[To see 为动词不定式]
4.名词从句做主语
句子绝对不能做主语，一定要变成名词性从句才可以做主语。
He doesn't work hard makes me angry.[×]
◀️That he doesn't work hard makes me angry.[√]
这句话还相当于下述定语从句
◀️He doesn't work hard, which/that makes us angry.[√]
若为可以使用yes/no回答的疑问句，则做主语时需要在句首加whether。
◀️Is he happy?
◀️Whether he is happy is a problem.
Section 3.动词的种类及其用法
- 1.动词的分类
- 及物动词--可以直接使用
◀️He plays the ball.
* 不及物动词--后面必须加介词才可加其他成分使用；不及物动词页可以单独存在，而意义完整，之后不需要任何此类补充其意思的不足。
He laughed.[√]
He laughed at the others.[√]
* 有的动词既可做及物动词，也可做不及物动词
sing vt. 唱(歌)/vi.歌
run vt. 经营/vi. 跑步
study vt. 研究/vi. 读书
kill vt. 杀/vi. 杀戮
- 2.及物&不及物动词判断方式
我...他 （主动）
他被我...（被动）
上述空缺处，可以放入任意一个英语动词，翻译成中文后，意思若无毛病，就是及物动词，否则是不及物动词。
[例]
kill 杀
我 kill 他
他被我 kill
由此可知，“我杀了他”，“他被我杀了”，语义无毛病，即可得知kill为及物动词。
- 3.完全及物动词与完全不及物动词
- 完全及物动词：即加了宾语之后，意思才完全的动词。
◀️He makes the noise.[他制造了噪声].
* 完全不及物动词：即**不需加宾语**，意思就很完全的动词。
◀️ He laughed.[他大笑].
- 4.重点单词相关用法
- 以动名词作宾语的动词[即需要接动词的V-ing形式]
consider + doing 考虑做...
image + doing 想象做...
risk + doing 冒险做...
avoid + doing 避免做...
escape + doing 逃避做...
suggest + doing 建议做...
recommend + doing 建议做...
enjoy + doing 喜欢做...
resent + doing 讨厌做...
practice + doing 练习做...
mind + doing 介意做...
resist + doing 拒绝做... = refuse to do
Part 2 两句的连接方法
Section 1 并列连词
一.and/or/but
- and
- or
- but
1.and
both...and... 一方面...同时也...
◀️Both Li and Han are good students.
[注意：both...and...语句中的系词/动词使用复数形式]
2.or
either...or... 或者...或者...
◀️Either Li or Han is a good student.
[注意：either...or...语句中的系词/动词要随最近的主语做单数变化]
neither...nor... 既非...亦非...
◀️Neither Li nor Han is a good student.
[注意：neither...nor...语句中的系词/动词要随最近的主语做单数变化]
3.but
not...but... 并非...而是...
◀️He is not a smart student but a diligent student.
not only...but also... 不仅...而且...
◀️He went to the United States not only to learn English but also to know more about America culture.
[注意: not only...but also...语句中的系词/动词要随最近的主语做单数变化]
[注意: not only..., but also..是否定副词的关系，若置于主句之前，该从句需要采用倒装结构。but also是连词，所连接的第二主句不许呀倒装]
例
Not only he is clever, but he is also polite.[×]
◀️Not only is he clever, but he is also polite.[√]
二.as well as/rather than连词短语
as well as... 以及...
◀️You as well as Li like it.
rather than.... 而不是...
◀️He is interested in music rather than in painting.
[注意：as well as 或rather than连接主语时，动词时态要始终随第一个主语变化。]
[例]
◀️He as well as I is interested in music.[He是主语].
◀️I as well as him am interested in music.[I是主语].
Section 2.连接副词
连接副词只能连接从句.
1.常用连接副词
because 因为
though 虽然
if 如果
unless 除非
as soon as 一...就...
when 当...
once 一旦...
2.注意事项
- 避免双重连接
- Because...so... [×]
Though... but...[×]
[例]
Because he is nice, so I like him.[×]
◀️Because he is nice, I like him.[√]Though/Although/Even if/Even though...but... [×]
[例]
Though/Although/Even if/Even though he is nice, but I don't like him.[×]
◀️Though/Although/Even if/Even though he is nice, I don't like him.[√]条件句与主句的时态[主将从现知识点]
- If/Once/As soon as/Unless/When + 现在时/现在完成时, 主语+will+动词原形
[例]
When I will be rich, I will buy a car.[×]
◀️When I am rich, I will buy a car.[√]
As soon as I will have done it, I will let you know.[×]
◀️As soon as I have done it, I will let you know.[√]
- 连接性副词
- 有些副词有连词的意思，但是却不能做连词使用，此类副词就称为连接性副词，此类副词前面要有分号.
- 常用词语however, nevertheless
[例]
◀️He is nice, but I don't like him
=
◀️He is nice, however, I don't like him. - therefore/thus 因此
◀️He is kind, so I like him.
=
◀️He is kind. Thus I like him.
=
◀️He is kind. Therefore, I like him.
Part 3 关系词
Section 1.关系代词
1.关系代词的使用原则
- 关系代词之前需要有先行词，先行词是表示*人或事物的名词。
- 关系代词在所引导的形容词从句中需要做主语、宾语或be动词的补语。
- 若关系代词无法做主语，又无法做宾语，此时关系代词之前需要加介词。
[例]
He is a good student who studies hard.[√]
◀️who之前有先行词student，who在所引导的形容词从句中做主语，其后有动词studies。
[例]
He is a man whom I want to work.[×]
◀️He is a man for whom I want to work.[√]
work for 为...工作
◀️本例中，whom之前有先行词man，但在所引导的形容词从句中，work是不及物动词，因此不能直接接宾语，whom既无法做主语，又无法做宾语，因此关系代词之前应置介词。
- that可做关系代词的条件
- that之前不准有逗号，即that仅出现在限制修饰的形容词从句中。
[例]
◀️I like the girl who/that sits here.[√]
[注意：此时that和who均可使用]
I like the girl, that comes here everyday.[×]
◀️I like the girl, who comes here everyone.[√]
- that之前不可以有介词。
This is the knife with that he killed Mary.[×]
◀️This is the knife with which he killed Mary.[√]
- 只能用that的情况
- 在序数词之后[序数词即为first/second/third...]
The first man who comes here was Li.[×]
◀️The first man that comes here was Li.[√]
- 最高级之后/all 之后
He is the best student who I have ever met.[×]
◀️He is the **best ** student that I have ever met.[√]
Section 2.关系代词所有格[whose]
whose + n = the + n + of which/whom = of which + the + n
[例]：
◀️I like playing with Li, whose parents are very kind.
=
◀️I like playing with Li, the parents of whom are vey kind.
=
◀️I like playing with Li, of whom the parents are vey kind.
Section 3. 关系副词
关系副词包括
where = in which, on which, at which
◀️This is the city where I met Mary.
[where用来修饰表示地点的名词]
when = in which, on which, at which
◀️He came on Friday, when it was raining very heavy.
[when用来修饰表示时间的名词]
why = for which
◀️I don't know the reason why he cried.
[why用以修饰the reason]
how = in which
◀️That is the way how he treated the others.
[how用以修饰the way]
Section 4.准关系代词
than/as/but作为准关系代词时，前面需要有先行词(名词)。
than
◀️I have more money than you.[先行词：money]
as
◀️He has as much money as I (do).[先行词：money]
but
◀️There is nothing but he knows. [先行词：nothing]
- as用法:
- such + n + as 和...如此的...
◀️He is such an honest[n] man as you/you described[vt].
the same + n + as 和...一样
◀️The sun has the same shape as the circle.as + adj + n + as 和...一样
◀️I want to study as hard as you.[我想和你学习一样刻苦]其他短语
- so...that... 如此...以至..[so后面接adj形容词]
◀️He is so clever a boy that he can get good grades.
- such...that...如此...以至...[such后面接单数名词或不可数名词]
◀️He is such a clever boy that he can get good grades. - as..as..和...一样地
◀️He is as clever as you. - too...to太...而不
◀️He is too old to do the housework. - how...多么地
◀️How great the man it is.[倒装]
