How Good Are Your Opinions?
To me truth is precious. . . . I should rather be right and stand alone than to run with the multitude and be wrong. . . . The holding of the views herein set forth has already won for me the scorn and contempt and ridicule of some of my fellow men. I am looked upon as being odd, strange, peculiar. . . . But truth is truth and though all the world reject it and turn against me, I will cling to truth still.
----Charles Silvester de Fort
The quotation is from a booklet he wrote in 1931.
很喜欢开篇这段对真理的坚持。
如何把握追求真理与固执己见的度呢?什么时候要挑战他人的意见呢?
In the context of critical thinking, the term opinion refers to expressions of judgment rather than to expressions of taste.
作者提到这要看情况。如果是关于个人喜好品味的taste,是无意义的争论。Vive la différence! 如果是客观的探讨jugement才是值得的。比如讨论电影,好不好看是个人品味,但是如果是关于美学的判断,则值得探讨。
在不伤害他人的情况下,每个人都有权持有自己的自由意见。即使地球是圆的,你也可以选择相信地球是平的。比如一对父母相信神会另孩子起死回生,就让孩子死了,这样就是过失杀人了。
We are free to act on our opinions only as long as, in doing so, we do not harm others.
Opinions Can Be Mistaken
人们总是容易犯错的,即使他们努力进行客观判断。比如同样的咖啡,颜色不同使得人们对其做出了不同的功效判断。
Opinions on Moral Issues
道德上的对错更是主观的,但我们可以根据三个方面做出更适宜的道德选择。
1)obligations:责任义务(契约精神)。行为上的限制,要求我们做或者不做某事。
2)ideal: 理念美德 notions of excellence, goals that bring greater harmony within ourselves and with others.让我们在道德伦理上获得尊重
3)consequences:后果 行为造成自己和他人的影响。
Even Experts Can Be Wrong
专家也会犯错。
Kinds of Errors
1.大多数人类的天性使得我们会犯错 比如草率判断、对复杂情况的过于简单的估计
2.涉及个人习惯、态度、信仰 (对种族 信仰的偏见)
3.人类交流以及语言限制造成的误解
4.年龄造成的主流价值观
更容易犯错的人:
1.不主动思考,很少reason,像身边的人一样随大流
2.让冲动感性而非理性控制他们的生活。只有为了坚持他们的偏见的时候,他们才会reason
3.不全面看问题,只与单一类型人相处,读单一的书,从单一角度看问题
4.执着于已形成的观点,不检验、反思、改变
Informed Versus Uninformed Opinion
虽然专家会犯错,但是遇到某一领域的专业问题时,咨询专家还是个好选择,因为他们能考虑更全面,直觉更敏锐。我们咨询专家并非为了得到完全正确的答案,而是利用专家的专业提升问题解决的效率。
No one can know everything about everything; there is simply not enough time to learn. Consulting those who have given their special attention to the field of knowledge in question is therefore a mark not of dependence or irresponsibility but of efficiency and good sense.
另外,在表达观点上,观点的陈述可以只要一两句,但是支持的细节需要全面。
Forming Opinions Responsibly
1. Understand how opinions are formed.你是持续在感知的,审查问题(而不是被动的让想法控制你),思考所有可能的解决方法(而不是思考支持某个意见的信息),决定最理性的意见(而不是非理性的决定了)。
2. Resist the temptation to treat your opinions as facts.要非常警惕,你自己产生的想法就像你的孩子一样,你可能难以割舍,情感会控制理智。此时要批判性思考你的每一个想法。
3. Monitor your thoughts to prevent the uncritical default mode from taking charge.
follow the advice of the ancient Greek philosopher Epictetus: “Be not swept off your feet by the vividness of the impression, but say, ‘Impression, wait for me a little. Let me see what you are and what you represent. Let me try [test] you.’