例句:
It is not until he finished his composition that his mom came back home.
——中译(1):直到他做完作文,他母亲才回到家。
——中译(2):他作文还没有做完,他母亲就回到家。
——中译(3):他母亲还没回到家,他已经做完了作文。
——中译(4):他母亲回到家后,他才做完作文。
究竟哪句才符合英语原句的意思呢?我们分几步来分析:
(1)强调句型
It is not until that….,是个句型,是个强调句型。
until强调句型的结构:
It + be + not + 被强调部分 + that(强调句连词) + 主句
既然是强调句,那正常句型(即非强调句型)是怎么样的?
让我们来还原一下,意思就会清楚了。
例句中,被强调部分是be后面的从句:
until he finished his composition
主句是that后面的句子:
his mom did not come back home.
如此,正常句型即为:
His mom didn’t come back home until he finished his composition.
这里就产生了一个问题:为什么主句要用否定句呢?有人会问,同时,会举出另一例句:
You can stay here until I come back .
这个句子可没有用否定句啊!
这里就涉及到 until 的习惯用法
(2)习惯用法
** until 的一个惯用法:**
- 1.主句谓语动词是延时性动词,主句要用肯定式:
You can stay here until I come back .
主句谓语动词 stay 是延时性动词,故要用肯定句; - 2.主句谓语动词是终止性动词,主句要用否定式:
His mom didn’t come back home until he finished his composition.
主句谓语动词 come 是终止性动词,故要用否定句。
类例:
——You can keep the book until I need it.
——I didn’t understand the meaning of the sentence until he explained it.
keep 是延时性动词,用肯定句式;
understand 是终止性动词,用否定句式。
【注:
关于延续性动词和非延续性动词(终止性动词)的区别和用法,可参见另文《注意延时性动词和终止性动词的惯用法 !》
问题又来了,在强调句中,可以看到后面主句的否定词not被移到了前面:
It is NOT until he finished the composition that his mom came back home.
为什么?
这就要提到另一个语法要点:移位否定
(3)移位否定
移位否定,其实并不陌生,类似的句子我们都遇到过:
——我认为他明天不会来,译成正确的英语:
I don’t think he will come tomorrow.
不是:I think he won’t come tomorrow.
——He didn't take the job to make more money.译成正确的汉语是:
他接受这份工作的目的不是为了挣更多的钱,
不是:他不接受这份工作为的是挣更多的钱。
否定句中如含有不定式作目的状语、when引导的时间状语从句、because引导的原因状语从句或as引导的比较状语从句等,一旦按照正常语或逻辑在理解上产生了歧义,或在逻辑上违背常理时,就要考虑到是否使用了移位否定。
如果不懂英语的这一惯用法,中英对译时就会出错,例如:
She did not marry him because he was very rich.
不能译为:”因为他非常富有,所以她没嫁给他“,否则,逻辑上就有点不通了。
正确的翻译:”她嫁给他并非因为他富有。“
因为上面这句例句的意思等于 :
She married him not because he was very rich.
类例:
I did not buy the car because it was cheap.
= I bought the car NOT because it was cheap.
不是因为价钱便宜,我才买了这辆车。
不是:因为价钱便宜,所以我没买这辆车。
这里都是使用了移位否定。
而until这一强调句型,要求使用移位否定,所以是:
It is NOT until he finished his composition that his mom came back home .
不是:
It is until he finished his composition that his mom DIDNOT come back home.
通过以上三部分的分析,文章一开始的那句例句的句意应该非常清楚了:
直译:他母亲一直没有回家,直到他做完作文才回到家。
意译:直到他完成作文,他母亲才回到家。
前面四句译文,只有第一句才是对的。
至此,以后见到这一句型,不用再纠结,这样理解就可以了:
”直到……,才......“ 。
强调句改错练习:
Without a doubt, it was them who won the game.
(Without a doubt, it was they who won the game.)
说明:原句是个强调句,强调句的句型:
It + be + 被强调部分 + 连词 that (或who) + 主句
这一句的主句是:They won the game .被强调的是主句的主语they,所以不能用宾格them。因为they是主句的主语,所以可以用who来代替连接词that。It was in 1912 when the oil ship sank while crossing the Atlantic.
(It was in 1912 that the oil ship sank while crossing the Atlantic.)
说明:这也是一句强调句。强调的是原句中的时间状语 in 1912,原句为:
The oil ship sank while crossing the Atlantic in 1912.
改成强调句后:
注意强调句的连接词that不能用其他连词替代(除了上句的who)。Not until I hear from you I will leave.
(Not until I hear from you will I leave.)
说明:这是一句until引起的倒装句。句型要求:
否定词 + until从句 + 主句的助动词 + 主句主语 + 谓语动词
注意:
- 1.谓语动词是终止性动词;
- 2.主句的助动词 + 主句主语 + 谓语动词 的句式结构,等于该句的疑问句结构。
It was until a few days ago that I knew his name.
(It was not until a few days ago that I knew his name.)
说明:主句谓语动词是终止性动词,所以,要用否定句式,不能漏掉NOT。The problem has really arisen until now.
(The problem has not really arisen until now.)
说明:until这里虽然是介词,和作连词时一样,在谓语动词是终止性动词时,要用否定式句型。