一、自动配置
1.1 依赖自动装配
- IoC容器根据bean所依赖的资源在容器中自动查找并注入到bean中的过程称为自动装配
1.2 自动装配方式
按类型(常用)
按名称
按构造方法
不启用自动装配
1.3 环境准备
创建一个Maven项目
pom.xml添加依赖
resources下添加spring的配置文件
最终项目的结构如下:
(1)项目中添加BookDao、BookDaoImpl、BookService和BookServiceImpl类
<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public interface BookDao {
public void save();
}
public class BookDaoImpl implements BookDao {
private String databaseName;
private int connectionNum;
public void save() {
System.out.println("book dao save ...");
}
}
public interface BookService {
public void save();
}
public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService{
private BookDao bookDao;
public void setBookDao(BookDao bookDao) {
this.bookDao = bookDao;
}
public void save() {
System.out.println("book service save ...");
bookDao.save();
}
}</pre>
(2)resources下提供spring的配置文件
<pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="bookDao" class="com.itheima.dao.impl.BookDaoImpl"/>
<bean id="bookService" class="com.itheima.service.impl.BookServiceImpl">
<property name="bookDao" ref="bookDao"/>
</bean>
</beans></pre>
(3)编写AppForAutoware运行类,加载Spring的IOC容器,并从中获取对应的bean对象
<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public class AppForAutoware {
public static void main( String[] args ) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
BookService bookService = (BookService) ctx.getBean("bookService");
bookService.save();
}
}</pre>
1.4 完成自动装配的配置
接下来,在上面这个环境中来完成 自动装配
:
自动装配只需要修改applicationContext.xml配置文件即可:
(1)将 <property>
标签删除
(2)在 <bean>
标签中添加autowire属性
首先来实现按照类型注入的配置
<pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean class="com.itheima.dao.impl.BookDaoImpl"/>
<!--autowire属性:开启自动装配,通常使用按类型装配-->
<bean id="bookService" class="com.itheima.service.impl.BookServiceImpl" autowire="byType"/>
</beans></pre>
注意事项:
需要注入属性的类中对应属性的setter方法不能省略
被注入的对象必须要被Spring的IOC容器管理
按照类型在Spring的IOC容器中如果找到多个对象,会报
NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException
一个类型在IOC中有多个对象,还想要注入成功,这个时候就需要按照名称注入,配置方式为:
<pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean class="com.itheima.dao.impl.BookDaoImpl"/>
<!--autowire属性:开启自动装配,通常使用按类型装配-->
<bean id="bookService" class="com.itheima.service.impl.BookServiceImpl" autowire="byName"/>
</beans></pre>
注意事项:
- 按照名称注入中的名称指的是什么?
* bookDao是private修饰的,外部类无法直接方法
* 外部类只能通过属性的set方法进行访问
* 对外部类来说,setBookDao方法名,去掉set后首字母小写是其属性名
* 为什么是去掉set首字母小写?
* 这个规则是set方法生成的默认规则,set方法的生成是把属性名首字母大写前面加set形成的方法名
* 所以按照名称注入,其实是和对应的set方法有关,但是如果按照标准起名称,属性名和set对应的名是一致的
如果按照名称去找对应的bean对象,找不到则注入Null
当某一个类型在IOC容器中有多个对象,按照名称注入只找其指定名称对应的bean对象,不会报错
两种方式介绍完后,以后用的更多的是 按照类型 注入。
最后对于依赖注入,需要注意一些其他的配置特征:
自动装配用于引用类型依赖注入,不能对简单类型进行操作
使用按类型装配时(byType)必须保障容器中相同类型的bean唯一,推荐使用
使用按名称装配时(byName)必须保障容器中具有指定名称的bean,因变量名与配置耦合,不推荐使用
自动装配优先级低于setter注入与构造器注入,同时出现时自动装配配置失效
二、集合注入
上一篇博客我们已经能完成引入数据类型和简单数据类型的注入,但是还有一种数据类型 集合 ,集合中既可以装简单数据类型也可以装引用数据类型,对于集合,在Spring中该如何注入呢?
常见的集合类型有如下几种
数组
List
Set
Map
Properties
针对不同的集合类型,该如何实现注入呢?
2.1 环境准备
创建一个Maven项目
pom.xml添加依赖
resources下添加spring的配置文件applicationContext.xml
最终项目的结构如下:
(1)项目中添加添加BookDao、BookDaoImpl类
<pre class="prettyprint hljs cs" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public interface BookDao {
public void save();
}
public class BookDaoImpl implements BookDao {
public class BookDaoImpl implements BookDao {
private int[] array;
private List<String> list;
private Set<String> set;
private Map<String,String> map;
private Properties properties;
public void save() {
System.out.println("book dao save ...");
System.out.println("遍历数组:" + Arrays.toString(array));
System.out.println("遍历List" + list);
System.out.println("遍历Set" + set);
System.out.println("遍历Map" + map);
System.out.println("遍历Properties" + properties);
}
//setter....方法省略,自己使用工具生成
}</pre>
(2)resources下提供spring的配置文件,applicationContext.xml
<pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="bookDao" class="com.itheima.dao.impl.BookDaoImpl"/>
</beans></pre>
(3)编写AppForDICollection运行类,加载Spring的IOC容器,并从中获取对应的bean对象
<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public class AppForDICollection {
public static void main( String[] args ) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
BookDao bookDao = (BookDao) ctx.getBean("bookDao");
bookDao.save();
}
}</pre>
接下来,在上面这个环境中来完成 集合注入
:
下面的所以配置方式,都是在bookDao的bean标签中使用 <property> 进行注入
<pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="bookDao" class="com.itheima.dao.impl.BookDaoImpl">
</bean>
</beans></pre>
2.2 注入数组类型
<pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><property name="array">
<array>
<value>100</value>
<value>200</value>
<value>300</value>
</array>
</property></pre>
2.3 注入List类型
<pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><property name="list">
<list>
<value>itcast</value>
<value>itheima</value>
<value>boxuegu</value>
<value>chuanzhihui</value>
</list>
</property></pre>
2.4 注入Set类型
<pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><property name="set">
<set>
<value>itcast</value>
<value>itheima</value>
<value>boxuegu</value>
<value>boxuegu</value>
</set>
</property></pre>
2.5 注入Map类型
<pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><property name="map">
<map>
<entry key="country" value="china"/>
<entry key="province" value="henan"/>
<entry key="city" value="kaifeng"/>
</map>
</property></pre>
2.6 注入Properties类型
<pre class="prettyprint hljs xml" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><property name="properties">
<props>
<prop key="country">china</prop>
<prop key="province">henan</prop>
<prop key="city">kaifeng</prop>
</props>
</property></pre>
说明:
property标签表示setter方式注入,构造方式注入constructor-arg标签内部也可以写
<array>
、<list>
、<set>
、<map>
、<props>
标签List的底层也是通过数组实现的,所以
<list>
和<array>
标签是可以混用集合中要添加引用类型,只需要把
<value>
标签改成<ref>
标签,这种方式用的比较少