01 如何开始创业

 



英文原稿

对应翻译,括号内容为根据语义增加的解释,以易于理解

笔记和个人理解


Welcometo CS183B. I amSam Altman[1], I'm thePresident ofY Combinator[2]. Nineyears ago, I was a Stanford student, and then I dropped out tostart a company[3]and then I've been an investor for the last few. So YC, we've been teachingpeople how to start startups for nine years. Most of it's pretty specific tothe startups but thirty percent of it is pretty generally applicable. And so wethink we can teach that thirty percent in this class. And even though that'sonly thirty percent of the way there, hopefully it will still be reallyhelpful.


欢迎大家来学习CS183B这门课,我是山姆·奥特曼,YC孵化器的总裁。九年前我还是斯坦福大学的一名学生,当时辍学去创建了一家公司,再后来我成为了一名投资人。在YC,我们已经教人们如何创业九年了。大部分内容是针对特定初创公司的,但其中有30%是普遍适用的(各类创业公司起步的共性)。因此我们想我们可以在这个大学课堂上教那30%的通用内容。即便只有30%的(内部YC创业教学)内容,希望它仍然会很有帮助(助力大家创业成功)。


[1]关于 Sam Altman 的介绍,可以看看张潇雨 翻译的Sam Altman: YC、硅谷与人类未来的天选之子? - 知乎

[2]YC(本来是一个数学函数的名字)成立于2005年3月,是一家以投资种子阶段初创公司为业务的创投公司。已成功孵化出一系列的超十亿美金的独角兽公司,如Airbnb、Dropbox、Reddit、Docker.详细可以参考YC投资公司列表

[3]Sam于2005年创立了Loopt公司。主要为智能手机提供基于移动位置的服务。 2012年,Loopt被Green Dot Corporation(一家在美国发行预付Visa和Mastercard的公司)以4,340万美元现金收购。


We'vetaught a lot of this class at YC and it's all been off the record. And this isthe first time a lot of what we teach is going to be on the record. We'veinvited some of our guest speakers to come and give the same talks they give atYC. We've now funded 725 companies and so we're pretty sure a lot of thisadvice we give is pretty good. We can't fund every startup yet, but we canhopefully make this advice very generally available.


在YC孵化器内部,我们已经教过很多创业课程,但都没有被记录下来。这是第一次我们传授的很多内容即将被记录下来(课程有录像)。我们邀请到了很多业内专家(在YC有成功创业经验的创业公司领袖)给大家讲课,这些内容跟在YC内部讲的是一样的。目前为止我们已经投资了725家创业公司,因此我们很确信我们给出的(创业相关的)建议会很棒。我们还不能为每家创业公司提供资金,但我们希望这些建议对创业公司具有普适性。




I'monly teaching three. Counting YC itself, every guest speaker has been involvedin the creation of a billion plus dollar company. So the advice shouldn't bethat theoretical, it's all been people who have done it.


我(Sam)只讲授其中的三节课。算上YC公司自己,每一个讲授嘉宾均参与价值10亿+美金公司的创立。因此课程中的建议不是纸上谈兵的理论,而是成功创业者实践过的。


Allof the advice in this class is geared towards people starting a business wherethe goal is hyper growth and eventually building a very large company.Much of it doesn't apply in other

cases and I want to warn people up front, that if you try to do these things in

a lot of big companies or non-startups, it won't work.It should stillbe interesting, I really think that startups are the way of the future and it'sworth trying to understand them, but startups are very different than normalcompanies. So over the course of today and Thursday, I'm going to try to givean overview of the four areas you need to excel at in order to maximize yoursuccess as a startup. And then throughout the course, the guest speakers aregoing to drill into all of these in more detail.


课程中的所有建议针对的是创业企业,这些企业的目标是实现超增长甚至建立一个非常庞大的公司。很多内容在其他情况下(如大多数非创业公司)是不使用的,我想提醒人们的是,若果你在大公司或者非创业公司这么做(按照课程中给的建议去做)可能不会奏效。它(创业)仍然应该有趣,我真的认为创业是未来(工作、生活)的方式,值得尝试去理解他们(创业者),但是创业公司很普通公司是有很大区别的。因此通过今天和周三的课程,我将试着给出创业成功关键的全貌,主要是四个要素(点子、产品、团队、执行),做好这四个要素,可以使你能最大化的创业成功。接下来的整个课程,讲授嘉宾将更详细的探讨细节(四要素)


笔记:大公司有固定的流程,你只要follow流程,把自己的模块做好即可,哪怕是不停的拧螺丝。不大可能给你很多试错的空间,特别是在体制内工作或者相对成熟的公司工作,会涉及很多人事、职场权谋等问题。课程的内容不能照搬,但可以在某个任务上参考。最大的参考就是我们通过本课程学习的是如何创业,本质是观察成功的人是怎么想,怎么做的,然后我们依据这些思维框架的路径去干自己的事业。在大公司你也可以研究那些已经升官发财或者你羡慕的人,观察他们怎么做的,然后你去模仿,也有机会获得你想要的。总之成功绝对不是复制、黏贴那么简单。


Ideas,Products, Teams and Execution Part I

点子,产品,团队,执行 (该主题共两部分,这里是第一部分)


Sothe four areas: You need agreat

idea, a great product, a great team, and great execution. These overlapsomewhat, but I'm going to have to talk about them somewhat individually tomake it make sense.


四要素:你需要一个很棒的点子、一个很赞的产品、一个好的团队、以及强大的执行力。这四个要素的内容会有部分重叠,但我将单独来讲以便于理解


什么样的点子才能算很棒呢? 该如何开始呢?回想作为一个上班族的自己,曾经有一千次想辞职,但却不知道自己能干啥?经常去泡36kr看别人在干啥,但经常是自己想想后发现那些项目我干不了啊,或者去天猫上看看别人都在卖什么,但苦于没有经验,知识扒拉下别人的销量,然后简单算一下销售额而已,若真让自己操盘,有很多地方打怵


对应的底层逻辑是,想创业(其实是对现有工作和收入的不满)或者直接是想通过干别的,不受约束的工作挣快钱。但去做什么呢? 一时不知道自己能干啥,看千行百业,都只是看到各个厂家跟自己的交互界面,对后台的运作不熟悉,需要学习什么?投入资金是多少?等等往往没有清晰的计划。总之没有行动,日复一日年复一年只剩年龄的增长和对创业的空想

特别是买了房有了娃,要供房供娃,就只能求稳了,尤其是对中年男人来说,上有老下有小,创业慢慢的变成了心底的那一抹痛

如果有人带就好了?如果有人教就好了?如果有个机会试错就好了?可惜这些不能被投食,需要自己去找,如有幸早点碰到这门课,找个假期潜心研究下就好


Youmay still fail. The outcome is something like idea x product x execution x teamxluck, where luck is arandom number between zero and ten thousand. Literally that much. But if you doreally well in the four areas you can control, you have a good chance at atleast some amount of success.


你可能仍然会失败(即使你做好了四要素),结果=电子x产品x执行力x团队x运气,其中运气是一个随机数字,从0~10,000(运气的影响因子很大)。但是如果你真正在四要素上控制的好,你会有机会至少获得一些成功。


运气这事咋说呢,属于一个不可控因素,如你铆足了劲想在餐饮行业大展拳脚(2020),但今年遇到了新冠病毒流行…. 但仔细想想所谓的运气坏就是糟糕的事情发生了。那该怎么办了?在创业开始的时候就要想到一个X因素,给自己留条后路。如加入你不幸在疫情期间花大手笔投资了餐饮,自己亏不起的情况下一定要及时止损,低价转出去等。你得有预案。总之就是你得考虑全面一些,这样你抗风险的能力才强


Oneof the exciting things about startups is that they are a surprisingly evenplaying field. Young and inexperienced, you can do this. Old and experienced,you can do this, too. And one of the things that I particularly like aboutstartups is that some of the things that are bad in other work situations,like being poor and unknown,are actually huge assets when it comes to starting a startup.


关于创业的一个令人激动的事情是,这是一片神奇的领域。没有经验的年轻人可以创业,经验丰富的年长者也可以创业。我尤其喜欢创业里面的一些事情,如贫穷、无知,在通常情况下是不利因素,但在创业时却是很宝贵的财富。


笔记:穷人为财富而努力奋斗,无知的人无畏敢闯敢干,初生牛犊不怕虎。在国内有很多佐证,如很多大厂的程序员多出身农村,愿意为了获取高额的报酬而任劳任怨的加班奋斗。更有传言某厂招聘时有三位候选人,他们的资质学校背景都差不多均可胜任岗位,但最终被录取的是出身农村的那位,官方给的理由也很简单,农村出来的更愿意艰苦奋斗。这也是很多公司在招聘具体做事的员工时看中的一点,乃至会跟很多省份的人打上标签。可能是缺什么就渴望什么吧,人贫穷的时候更愿意为财富而奋斗,而创业就是一个快捷的途径。如果一个过来人给你讲创业可能会给你讲很多你需要搞定工商、税务、销售、客户支持等等,恨不得要你有三头六臂,这会徒增你思想上的压力,反而是知道的少一点才会勇敢的迈出第一步,想都是困难,做才有出路。当然这里只是说的你启动创业的一个契机,而非你一无所知的往火坑里跳。


Beforewe jump in on the how, I want to talk about why you should start a startup. I'msomewhat hesitant to be doing this class at all becauseyou should never start a startup just for the sake of

doing so. There aremuch

easier ways to become richand everyone who starts a startup alwayssays, always, that they couldn't have imagined how hard and painful it wasgoing to be. You should only start a startup if you feel compelled bya particular problemand thatyou think starting a company is the best way to solve it.


在我们讲如何创业之前,我想谈一下我们为何要创业。我对上这门课有些犹豫,因为你不应该为了创业而创业(跟风或者听了我的课看到那么多创业者你也想创业了)。有很多比创业更容易的致富方法,并且每个创业者总是会说你想象不到创业过程会有多么艰难和痛苦。只有当你被一个特定的问题所驱使,并且你认为创业是解决这个问题的最好方法时,你才应该创业。


笔记:钱钟书说过一句话,年轻人往往将创作冲动误以为是创作才华。用在这里在合适不过了。有时候我们很多的是创业冲动,如果仅仅为了创业而创业,这无异于一个自大狂通过做某件事而向周围人宣称看我多牛,或者仅仅是为了体验一把。靠冲动是不长久的,你必须找到可落地的点,就是你创业是为了解决什么问题,跟客户带来了什么价值,这才是你创业的基石,任何脱离这个根基的点都是有缺陷的,是不能长久的,乃至会给自己带来灾难,比如靠运气赚来的钱,最终靠实力(瞎折腾)赔了。


笔记:如果你想多赚点钱,可以去做点小生意,如二道贩子,在1688批发,然后在淘宝上卖。但小生意和创业是不同的,一个是短平快的快速交易获取现金,一个是通过搞定系统带来倍增的炼金术。前者像每天自己挑水,多劳多得,不劳没有。后者像先建一座水塔,可以自动的产生流水。


比较:创业是未来解决特定的问题,这个是一切企业存在的根基,以客户的实际需要为中心而存在。客户有各种各样的需求,甚至有些是低级趣味的需求,只要你抓住这个需求解决好即可


Thespecific passion should come first, and the startup second. In fact, all of theclasses we have at YC follow this. So for the second half of today's lecture,Dustin Moskovitz[4]is going to take over and talk about why to start a startup. We were sosurprised at the amount of attention this class got, that we wanted to makesure we spent a lot of time on the why.


首先要有一定的激情(这里应该指的是通过解决问题获取认可或报酬的爽感,而非头脑一热的创业冲动),其次才是创业。事实上,我们在YC的所有课程都遵循这个原则。在今天讲座的后半部分,Dustin Moskovitz将会接手讨论为什么要创业。我们对这门课受到的关注如此之多感到惊讶,所以我们想解释原因,对于为什么创业我们花了很多时间思考。


[4]Dustin

Moskovitz,是Facebook共同创始人,世界上最年轻自主创业的亿万富翁。电影<社交网络>讲述了他们的创业过程,里面的人物以现实中的创始人为原型,最大程度还原了真实过程。有兴趣的朋友可以看下。


笔记:为什么创业?大部分的答案是因为穷,没钱。好吧,这是我们的第一冲动反应,接下来就应该思考为什么创业的真正原因了,毕竟天地不仁,以万物为刍狗(天地看待万物是一样的,不对谁特别好,也不对谁特别坏,一切要遵循自然规律发展)。很多人是在一个领域内积累了很深,有人脉、资源、客户关系等,很容易复制自己之前工作的模式从而创业,更有一些是无心插柳柳成荫的,一次偶然的机会给客户解决了一个问题,后来很多客户都来找自己,靠着初期的一些客户,可以养活自己,看到了希望然后再创业做大做强。总之要遵循一定的客观规律,而不是靠怜悯、可怜来创业,那是变相乞讨。穷人有穷人的创业规律,如从小生意起步,一步步起来。富人也有富人的创业规律,只是相对穷人起步顺利些而已。曾经有很多自认为有才华的人,产品还没有做出来,空有一些理想,靠PPT天天去找投资人投资,这个成功的概率不会很大


The first of the four areas:a great idea. It's become popular in recentyears to say that the idea doesn't matter. In fact, it's uncool to spend a lotof time thinking about the idea for a startup. You're just supposed to start,throw stuff at the wall, see what sticks, and not even spend any time thinkingabout if it will be valuable if it works. And pivots are supposed to be great,the more pivots the better. So this isn't totally wrong, things do evolve inways you can't totally predict. And there's a limit to how much you can figureout without actually getting a product in the hands of the users. And greatexecution is at least ten times as important and a hundred times harder than agreat idea.



四要素中的第一个:一个很棒的点子。近年来,有一种观点开始流行起来,那就是‘点子’是无关紧要。实际上,花很多时间思考创业的想法是不值得的。你只需要开始,多尝试一些产品,看什么有市场,至于产品有没有价值,会不会成功,根本不需要考虑。只要有着手点就好,着手点越多越好(创业过程中的方向不断调整)。对于这种说法,这并不是完全错误的,事物确实以你无法完全预测的方式进化。在没有真正把产品交到用户手中的情况下,开发者是很难全面了解自己产品的。伟大的执行力比伟大的想法重要十倍,困难百倍。



笔记:什么点子才算是很棒呢  ,从哪里开始呢?

很多人创业碰到的问题是从哪里开始呢?我能做点啥? 这是人的本能,但你必须跳出这个框架。去思考我这边的人碰到了哪些问题?我能解决哪些问题?从这些地方入手,而不是直接去思考我能做啥?需要思考的是别人需要我做啥


But the pendulum has swung way out of whack. A badidea is still bad and the pivot-happy world we're in today feels suboptimal.Great execution towards a terrible

idea will get you nowhere. There are exceptions, of course, but mostgreat companies start with a great idea, not a pivot.

但钟摆已经摆得不正常了。坏主意仍然是坏的,我们今天所处的核心快乐世界是感觉不出来的。伟大的执行力用在糟糕的想法上会让你一事无成。当然,也有例外,但大多数伟大的公司都是从一个伟大的想法开始的,而不是一个着手点。



笔记:华为老板任正非先生提出了一个论点叫方向大致正确,我们一开始并不能清晰的知道我们要做什么,但至少要框定一个方向。比如在短视频上创业,在高科技方向创业,这个方向是在你认知范围内有客户的,有市场发展空间的,至少能养得活自己和创业团队。

在错误的路上执行,这在很多公司时常发生,但沟通是一件很棒的事情,所以经常能很快回到正确的轨道上。开始会犯很多错误,但没关系。我认为重要的是要明白,你必须经历如何执行一个糟糕的想法,即使唯一的教训是执行。关键是你如何知晓你的想法的缺陷所在,并了解下一步该把精力集中在哪里。在创业公司你需要有这种能力,因为你没有太多可以损失的东西。


If you look at successful pivots, they almost alwaysare a pivot intosomething the

founders themselves wanted, not a random made up idea. Airbnb happenedbecause Brian Chesky couldn't pay his rent, but he had some extra space. Ingeneral though if you look at the track record of pivots, they don't become bigcompanies. I myself used to believe ideas didn't matter that much, but I'm verysure that's wrong now.


如果你了解下成功转型公司,可以看到他们的点子几乎都指向创业者自己想要的东西,而不是随机编造的想法。爱彼迎的出现是因为创始人Brian Chesky付不起房租,但是他有多余的空间(然后他就萌生了做Airbnb的想法)。一般来说,如果你看看哪些频繁转型公司的业绩记录就会发现,他们不会成为大公司。我自己曾经认为点子不是那么重要,但现在我十分确认我错了(创业点子非常重要)


笔记:在创业的路上,需要根据自身的条件,先选定一个大的方向,然后逐渐使目标清晰化。而不是从一个领域转到另一个领域,不停的人肉试错。比如你之前是做跨境电商的,干了一段时间发现不行,发现无人机是个热门领域然后就又去搞无人机去了,这个转型比较大,成功的概率会比较小。你应该在原来的大方向上进行微调并充分聚焦。对想法的认知是:为你自己或你认识的人解决一个问题或一个群体强烈的愿望。通常人们会问你觉得我的点子怎么样?这样的人要么对他们的客户和点子能解决的问题不大了解,要么还没有开发一些客户来使用或购买他们的产品。一般成功的企业家不会问人们对他的点子怎么看,他会通过做,来给你展示一些数据,如哪些客户在使用,收入是多少。


The definition of the idea, as we talk about it, isvery broad. It includes the size and the growth of the market, the growthstrategy for the company, the defensibility strategy, and so on. When you'reevaluating an idea, you need to think through all these things, not just theproduct. If it works out, you're going to be working on this for ten years soit's worth some real up front time to think through the up front value and thedefensibility of the business. Even thoughplansthemselves are worthless, the exercise ofplanning is really valuable and totally missing in most startups today.


点子的定义是什么,正如我们讨论的,是很宽泛的。它包括市场的规模和增长速度,公司的增长策略、防御策略等等。当你评估一个点子时,你需要通盘考虑,不仅仅是产品。如果点子凑效了,你将在这个方向上工作十多年,因此,提前花点时间思考一下,业务的价值和业务的可防御性是值得的。尽管计划本身(如商业计划书)毫无价值,但计划的实践却是非常有价值的,但在今天的初创公司中几乎完全没有。



笔记:曾经很多创业公司写出很炫酷的商业计划书,但圈到钱之后,却未能按既定的计划执行下去。导致很多人认为计划书是没用的,因此很多时候也就变成了一堆废纸。我认为大部分人把商业计划书玩坏了,网上有很多人生成可以代写,或者给出了很多模板,这样做出来的计划书完全不是创业者真实的思考和实践总结,完全是浪费时间在一堆废纸上。真正的商业计划书是初期实践的总结,内容应该真实,跟你自己的现状及未来规划能够对应的上,多用数据,少用估计、引用、虚词。是你头脑中蓝图的图文映射。


Long-term thinking is so rare

anywhere, but especially in startups. There is a huge advantage if you do it.

Remember that the idea will expand and become more ambitious as you go. You

certainly don't need to have everything figured out in your path to world

domination, but you really want a nice kernel to start with. You want something

that can develop in interesting ways. As you're thinkingthrough ideas, another thing we see that founders get wrong all the time isthat someday you need to build a businessthat is difficult to replicate. This is an importantpart of a good idea.


长远的思考在任何地方都很少见,尤其是在创业公司。如果你做长远规划的话,你将获得巨大的优势。记住,想法会随着你的行动而扩展,你会变得更有野心。你当然不需要在创业的道路上弄清楚所有的事情,但是你真的需要从一个好的内核(点子)开始。你需要一些能以有趣的方式把它发展起来。当思考想法的时候,我们看到创始人经常忽略的是,你必须要意识到,有一天你需要建立一个难以复制的企业,这是你伟大创业的重要一部分。



笔记:长期思考的一个例子,九几年的时候,国内有两万多家电信相关的公司,只有华为等少数公司在运营商这一个领域的长期投入,几万人对准一个城墙口经年累月的进攻,最终成就霸业。而其他公司多数因为规划不够长远,没有长期坚定的投入,沦为了匆匆过客,迅速消亡在商海中。创业者需要成为一个长期主义者。


难以复制:看看谷歌地图和竞争对手苹果地图。或者谷歌搜索和竞争对手必应搜索。对苹果和微软来说,哪怕是尝试复制谷歌的产品,都是非常痛苦的,但我认为仅有的两家候选公司会尝试,因为它们拥有巨大的资本。而其他的公司则很难去复制谷歌地图和谷歌搜索了


对里面的概念只能部分认同时我的做法如下:如里面提到你需要思考如何使你的企业难以复制,直觉告诉我这个在国内很难做到,但我又可以举出反例,如大疆创新等高科技公司。对这块我的理解是,先把它归为自己的认知盲区里面,然后不要一棍子打死,或者置之不理。不定期的根据自己的认知和周边的环境检查一下这个概念,这里也是提醒自己,不要选择性的只接受自己认同的概念,哪些你现在不认同的概念,未必是不对的。或许只是你的格局或者认知没达到一定水平而已。


I want to make this point again because it is soimportant: the idea should come first and the startup should come second. Waitto start a startup until you come up with an idea you feel compelled toexplore. This is also the way to choose between ideas. If you have severalideas, work on the one that you think about most often when you're not tryingto think about work. What we hear again and again from founders is that theywish they had waited until they came up with an idea they really loved.


我想在强调一次,因为它是如此的重要,点子第一,创业第二。一定要等到非常有潜力的点子出现再去创业。这也是在各种想法之间做出选择的方式。如果你有很多点子,选择那个在你不考虑工作的时候,做你最常想点子。我们从创业者那里反复听到的是,他们希望自己能等到自己真正喜欢的想法出现时再做决定。


笔记:这一点很重要,男怕入错行,女怕嫁错郎。如果你想做适合自己的事业,一定要花时间去想你的点子,这真的很重要。


Another way of looking at this is that the bestcompanies are almost alwaysmission

oriented. It's difficult to get the amount of focus that large companiesneed unless the company feels like it has an important mission. And it'susually really hard to get that without a great founding idea. A relatedadvantage of mission oriented ideas is that you yourself will be dedicated tothem. It takes years and years, usually a decade, to build a great startup. Ifyou don't love and believe in what you're building,you're likely to give up at some point along the way.There's no way I know of to get through the pain of a startup without thebelief that the mission really matters. A lot of founders, especially students,believe that their startups willonly take two to three yearsand then after that they'll work onwhat they're really passionate about. That almost never works. Good startupsusuallytake ten years.


从另一个角度来看,最好的公司几乎总是以使命为导向的。除非公司自己有一个重要的使命,否则很难得到大公司需要的关注量(如获取优秀员工的加盟)。如果没有伟大的创始理念,这是很难实现的。以使命为导向的想法还有一个好处,那就是你自己会全身心地投入其中。需要年复一年的投入,通常是十年去创建一个伟大的公司。如果你不热爱或者不坚信你从事的事业,你可能会在创业途中某个点放弃。据我所知,如果不相信使命的重要性,就不可能度过创业的痛苦期。很多创业者,尤其是学生,觉得创业也就是两三年的时间,之后他们就可以做自己真正热爱的事情了。事实是几乎完全不是这样的。一个成功的创业通常需要花费十几年的时间。



笔记:创业半途而废的同学可能会更有感触,真正热爱和坚信跟表面作秀是有区别的,你无法欺骗自己的内心。很多时候你会给自己找个坚持不下去的理由,不管是客观的还是主观的。但若你心中有真爱,会让你拥有神奇般的力量去客服那些困难。


通常二三年的时间一个创业公司刚刚站住脚,或者已经挂掉了。如果选择创业这条路,且要达成目标,你需要成为一个长期主义者。翻看每个企业的履历,都有诞生、成长、成熟这些国产,及时你再有经验,也不能跳过规律直达成熟,踏踏实实做好每个阶段的事情才是正道,不要幻想二三年的时间就完成了其他大公司的所有积累


事实上,我想说一个伟大的公司需要5-10年的时间,但是一个“至少好”的产品在最初的6-12个月内就可以看出来,而一个“至少好”的公司结构在1-3年之内就可以看出来。伟大的公司不会在躲在暗处10年后突然冒出来;他们伟大的预兆早得多。但是Sam是正确的,一个好的想法或产品的执行可能需要很多年,而围绕它的组织的成长可能需要更长的时间。



A third advantage of mission oriented companies is thatpeople outside the company are more willing to help you.You'll get more support on a hard,

important project, than a derivative one. When it comes to starting astartup, it's easier to found a hard startup than an easy startup. This is oneof those counter-intuitive things that takes people a long time to understand.It's difficult to overstate how important being mission driven is, so I want tostate it one last time:derivative

companies,companies that copy an existing idea with very few new insights,don't excite people and they don't compel the teams to work hard enough to besuccessful.


使命导向型的公司还有第三个优势,外部的人们更愿意帮你(确切的说是更愿意加入你的团队,为你工作,而不是去其它公司)。你会在一个艰难而重要的项目上得到比衍生项目(一般指在别人的项目上稍加修改抄袭过来)更多的支持。说到创业,开头难的公司比开头简单的公司更容易成功。这是一个反直觉的事情,也是很多人经历了漫长的时间才体会到的。使命驱动的重要性再怎么强调都不过分,我想最后再说一遍:衍生公司,也就是那些复制现有想法却没有什么新见解的公司,不能激发人们的热情,也不能迫使团队努力工作以获得成功


笔记:在国内可能未必适用,因为我们总能看到同质化的企业,人们瞄准行业标杆,拼命的抄袭。

Peter Thiel最喜欢的创业问题是“为什么第20名员工加入你的公司而不是谷歌?”好的答案是关于你的使命和你的团队的。你应该知道为什么你在做一些没有人在做的重要事情。是因为你相信(?)而大多数人不相信(?)吗? 一个好的例证,埃隆·马斯克的SpaceX和特斯拉公司


很多人都知道特斯拉汽车公司(Tesla Motors),但很少有人知道菲斯克汽车公司(Fisker Motors)。亨利克·菲斯克曾是特斯拉的一名设计师,他认为自己可以在菲斯克汽车公司做一些类似的事情,但要有更好的设计。这家衍生公司在5年内倒闭了


Paul Graham is going to talk about how to getstartup ideas next week. It's something that a lot of founders struggle with,but it's something I believe you can get better at with practice and it'sdefinitely worth trying to get better at.

保罗·格雷厄姆会在下周谈论如何找到创业点子。这是很多创业者奋斗的目标,这个过程对很多创业者都是艰难的一步。但我相信你可以通过我们的介绍和大家的实践做的更好,而且绝对值得努力去做得更好。


笔记:如何找到适合自己的点子?如何找到适合自己的创业项目?


The hardest part about coming up with great ideas,is that the best ideas often look terrible at the beginning. The thirteenthsearch engine, and without all the features of a web portal? Most peoplethought that was pointless. Search was done, and anyways, it didn't matter thatmuch. Portals were where the value was at. The tenth social network, andlimited only to college students with no money? Also terrible. MySpace has wonand who wants college students as customers? Or a way to stay on strangers'couches. That just sounds terrible all around.


好的点子最难理解的是,在开始的时候通常看起来很糟糕。第十三个搜索引擎(google当时是第十三个做搜索引擎的公司)并且并且没有web门户的所有特性(google很简洁,只有搜索框和两个按键,不像其他Web门户网站罗列了很多信息)。大多数人认为这毫无意义。搜索已经完成了,不管怎样,这都不重要,罗列很多信息的门户才重要。同样感觉糟糕的是第十版社交网络(指facebook,在它之前已有很多社交软件了),并且只对没有钱的学生开放?市面上的MySpace社交软件已经赢了并且谁想要没钱的学生作为客户?或者待在陌生人沙发上(指Airbnb)。这些点子听起来很糟糕


笔记:我们经常会陷入自我否定点子的怪圈,晚上想想某个点子挺好,但早上又想想这个某某已经做了,而且已经规模很大了,我再做这个不会有什么起色的,不会成功,然后就放弃了,属于还没开始就自我扼杀在萌芽状态了。(笔者在做这个翻译的时候,刚开始的时候就在想网上已经有很多人再做了,我做这个还会有人捧场吗?后来想了下首先这个过程可以加深自己的理解,对自己有帮助。其次这个世界上或许也有那么一小搓人,也想深度探讨一下该课程内容,索性就先写出来再说)


These all sounded really bad but they turned out tobe good. If they sounded really good, there would be too many people working onthem. As Peter Thiel is going to discuss in the fifth class, you want an ideathat turns into a monopoly. But you can't get a monopoly right away. You haveto find a small market in which you can get a monopoly and then quickly expand.This is why some great startup ideas look really bad at the beginning. It'sgood if you can say something like, "Today, only this small subset ofusers are going to use my product, but I'm going to get all of them, and in thefuture, almost everyone is going to use my product."


这些点子都是听起来很糟糕但结果都很好。如果一个点子听起来很好,那么可能会有很多人蜂拥而上。稍后Peter Thiel将会在第15节课讨论,你想要一个可以达到垄断级别的点子,但是垄断并不是马上就能达到的。你必须先发现一个小的市场然后做到垄断,然后再快速扩张。这也是为什么很多优秀的点子在刚开始的时候开起来不太好的原因。如果你这样想会很好:今天只有一小部分人使用我们的产品,但是我会让他们全都用上,未来,几乎所有人都会使用我的产品


笔记:那些起初看起来很糟糕的后面运作很好的点子,当初创始人是怎么执行落地的,比较有很多人认为很糟糕,而且很多是自己的朋友,那些智商正常的人。这里面的底层逻辑是什么?认为糟糕的人和能执行这个点子的创始人哪些思考是不一样的?


点子都是先从一个点出发解决了一个问题,然后再解决一片问题,有点到线再到面再到体,有一个过程,所以刚开始的时候先解决一个问题就好,不要一下解决很多问题


Here is the theme that is going to come up a lot:you need conviction in your own

beliefs and a willingness to ignore others' naysaying. The hard part isthat this is a very fine line. There's right on one side of it, and crazy onthe other. But keep in mind that if you do come up with a great idea, mostpeople are going to think it's bad. You should be happy about that, it meansthey won't compete with you.

接下来的主题会经常出现:你需要坚定自己的信念,并愿意无视别人的反对。困难的部分是,这是一个非常微妙的界限。一边是正确的,另一边是疯狂的。但是请记住一点,你提出一个伟大的点子,多数人们会认为那是不好时,你应该开心才对,这意味着他们不会跟你从事同样的行业来竞争


笔记:如何做到这一点?源于自己的认知,你有自己的思考闭环逻辑


This also another reason why it's not reallydangerous to tell people your idea. The truly good ideas don't sound likethey're worth stealing. You want an idea where you can say, "I know itsounds like a bad idea, but here's specifically why it's actually a greatone." You want to sound crazy, but you want to actually be right. And you wantan idea that not many other people are working on. And it's okay if it doesn'tsound big at first.


另一个告诉人们你的点子并不会对你产生威胁原因是:真正好的点子听起来不像是值得偷的。你想到一个好点子你可以说:“我知道这听起来像是一个坏主意,但我知道这里是有具体的逻辑(客户认可并愿意付费的逻辑),它实际上是一个伟大的点子。”这听起来很疯狂,但你知道其实是对的。并且当前从事你点子这个事的人并不多。若果起初你的点子听起来不是很伟大,这没关系。


笔记:智慧或者说认知分辨率,利用自己的认知和底层逻辑思考,能识别出一个事物的本质、好处、坏处等。体现在创业上就是有一定的洞察力,可以理清赚钱的逻辑。这通常需要从业经验以及智慧。很多人会由于认知不足或不充分,从而认为某个点子是不可行的,从而持截然相反的态度。验证过


A common mistake among founders, especially firsttime founders, is that they think the first version of their product - thefirst version of their idea - needs to sound really big. But it doesn't. Itneeds to take over a small specific market and expand from there. That's howmost great companies get started. Unpopular but right is what you're going for.You want something that sounds like a bad idea, but is a good idea.

创业者通常会犯的一个错误是,他们认为他们创意的第一版需要听起来非常伟大,特别是初次创业者,然而并不是。你需要先占领一个特定的小市场,然后从那里开始扩展。很多目前伟大的公司也是这么过来的。你要寻找的是不流行但正确的点子,你的点子虽然听起来很差,但实际却是一个好点子(能满足客户的某点诉求、符合市场逻辑,只是听起来糟糕而已)


笔记:这个点子的底层逻辑是什么?市场是如何验证的 他是怎么符合市场逻辑的 怎么满足客户需求的 客户为什么要付费等等  为何这个点子是有效的


You also really want to take the time to think abouthow the market is going to evolve. You need a market that's going to be big in10 years. Most investors are obsessed with the market size today, and theydon't think at all about how the market is going to evolve.


你还需要花时间思考市场将如何演变。你需要一个在10年内会发展壮大的市场。大多数投资者都痴迷于当前市场规模,他们根本不考虑市场将如何演变。



笔记:云计算,选哪种朝阳产业,不要选夕阳产业



In fact, I think this is one of the biggest systemicmistakes that investors make. They think about the growth of the start-upitself, they don't think about the growth of the market. I care much more aboutthe growth rate of the market than its current size, and I also care if there'sany reason it's going to top out. You should think about this. I prefer toinvest in a company that's going after a small, but rapidly growing market,than a big, but slow-growing market.


事实上,我认为这是投资者犯的一个最大的系统性错误。他们只考虑创业公司本身的成长,而不考虑市场的成长。我更关心市场的增长率,而不是它目前的规模,我还关心它是否有什么理由会触顶。你应该考虑这些。我倾向于投资一个公司从事的业务有快速增长的当前规模小市场,而不是一个增速慢的当前规模大市的场领域。


One of the big advantages of these sorts of markets-these smaller, rapidly

growing markets- is that customers are usually pretty desperate for asolution, and they'll put up with an imperfect, but rapidly improving product.A big advantage of being a student - one of the two biggest advantages - isthat you probably have better intuition about which markets are likely to startgrowing rapidly than older people do. Another thing that students usually don'tunderstand, or it takes awhile, [is that]you can not create a market that does not want to exist.You can basically change everything in a start-up but the market, so you shouldactually do some thinking to be sure - or be as sure as you can be - that themarket you're going after is going to grow and be there.


这类市场——这些规模较小、增长迅速的市场——最大的优势之一是,客户通常非常迫切地需要解决方案,他们会忍受一个不完美但快速改进的产品。作为一名学生的一大优势——两个最大优势之一——是,对于哪些市场可能开始迅速增长,你可能比老年人有更好的直觉。学生们通常不理解的另一件事是,或者需要一段时间才能理解:你无法创造出一个不存在的市场(通常是创业者自己假想的市场,实际值人们不需要或者需求者太少,参考《西虹市首富》中的陆游器产品)。在创业过程中,除了市场之外,你基本上可以改变一切,所以你应该做一些思考来确定——或者尽可能确定——你所追求的市场将会成长并且已经存在。


笔记:如何发现这些市场?如何验证这些市场?有什么技巧 举个例子:笔者上大学的时候,大一的时候,基本上大家都没有电脑,下学期开始陆续有个别同学开始买了电脑,大二基本覆盖率达到80% 大三基本上99%了,但这一切来的如此之快,以至于给人的感觉是一夜之间的转变,哪些年间电脑城的生意火爆,很多人也发家致富了。细思背后是有逻辑的,1、电脑的价格大概在2000元左右,网费每学期大概200,大学生是可以负担的起 2、网络游戏的流行,如很多人喜欢打魔兽,拥有自己的一台电脑会方便很多 3、使用电脑可以获取更多的信息,工具化的作用越来越强,老师上课的PPT、平时查阅一些资料,跟朋友网上聊天等等,没有个人电脑感觉越来越不方便。曾经有一位计算机专业的学生,大一因为没有电脑,又要完成作业,不得不每天早起趁室友熟睡之际使用他的电脑完成作业,这一切的一切都是进入大学之后每天不停的被各种原因牵引着,对电脑的需求如此渴望。现如今成为当前大学生入学的必备物件。不能凭空捏造市场,你的诸多想法要去市场去验证。把他清晰的写下来,跟你认为可能的用户交谈,在一次投资分享会上,有个毛头小子提出想做普通大疆无人机的租赁的业务,结果被投资人一下子否决了,这个主意不靠谱,原因是没有多大的市场,如今很多人倾向于直接买一台而不是租,这很反直觉,但这是创业,不是块八毛的生意。如果你仅仅靠租着一项业务,客户群体少,运维费用高,最后很可能亏的血本无归,折旧卖掉。这个毛头小子说是自己想的,还没有被验证过。总之不是说自己想到什么市场就存在什么市场,一定要验证过。 如何验证呢?


There are a lot of different ways

to talk about the right kind of market. For example, surfing some one else's

wave, stepping into an up elevator, or being part of a movement, but all of

this is just a way of saying that you want a market that's going to grow really

quickly. It may seem small today, it may be small today, but you know - and

other people don't - that it's going to grow really fast. Sothink about where this is happening in the world. You need this sort oftailwind to make a startup successful.


谈论正确的市场有很多不同的方法。例如,跟着成功人士的步伐,加入明显发展迅速的行业,但所有这些都是说你要进入的是一个快速增长的市场。它现在看起来可能很小,可能很小,但是你知道——其他人不知道——它将会快速增长。想想世界上发生了什么,要想创业成功,你需要借助这种东风。


笔记:不要在问如何发现这样的市场了,反过来想一下,你周围接触到的圈子里列一个业务列表自己想想这些业务的特点都有哪些 是否跟上面说的匹配。不然你就会反复的在‘如何发现这样的市场’上兜圈子,正面难以突破,就从反面试试


The exciting thing is the thereare probably more of these tailwinds now then ever before. AsMarc Andreessen[5]says, software is eating the world. Its just everywhere, there are so manygreat ideas out there. You just have to pick one, and find one that you reallycare about.


令人兴奋的是,现在可能比以往任何时候都有更多这样的东风。正如Marc Andreessen所说,软件正在吞噬世界. 它无处不在,有很多很棒的想法。你只需要选择一个,然后找到一个你真正关心的. 它无处不在,软件世界有很多很棒的想法。你只需要选择一个,然后找到一个你真正关心的开展即可。


[5] Marc Andreessen马克·安德森出生在爱荷华州一个小镇的普通家庭,9岁开始接触计算机,在图书馆自学Basic语言。1992年下半年安德森已经熟悉因特网,1993年他同吉姆·克拉克一起苦干6星期,开发出UNIX版的Mosaic浏览器。2020年4月7日,马克·安德森以12亿美元财富位列《2020福布斯全球亿万富豪榜》第1730位。


笔记:SDX

software define X,软件定义某个事物,事实上我们可以发现很多东西都已经软件化了,如拍照软件、打字软件等等。把自身的需求提炼为你需要的服务,然后通过软件来实现这个服务,本质是把生产资料数字化减少重复的人力,让机器来代替人工来做,而驱动这些硬件干活的正是软件,或者说指挥硬件干活,发挥硬件的能力。小到一个电动玩具(里面有编好的程序)、手机软件(已变成人体的外置器官),大到航天飞机内的驾驶功能,自动检测功能等等软件无处不在


Another version of this, thatgets down to the same idea, isSequoia's

famous question: Why now? Why is this the perfect time for thisparticular idea, and to start this particular company. Why couldn't it be donetwo years ago, and why will two years in the future be too late? For the mostsuccessful startups we've been involved with, they've all had a great idea anda great answer to this question. And if you don't you should be at leastsomewhat suspicious about it.


另一个版本(回到前面说的有各种方式看市场是否正确),异曲同工的方式,是红杉著名的问题:为什么是现在?为什么现在是这个想法的完美时机?为什么现在是这个公司的完美时机? 为什么两年前不能完成,两年后又会太迟? 对于大多数我们参与的成功的创业者,他们都有一个很赞的点子和针对这个问题很棒的回答。如果你不知道这个问题的答案,你还需要多思考。


笔记:逆向思考问题,要给出问题的答案,整理成一个清单列表      


In general, its best if you'rebuilding something that you yourself need. You'll understand it much betterthan if you have to understand it by talking to a customer to build the veryfirst version. If you don't need it yourself, and you're building somethingsomeone else needs, realize that you're at a big disadvantage, and get veryvery close to your customers. Try to work in their office, if you can, and ifnot, talk to them multiple times a day.


一般来说,如果你在构建你自己需要的东西,这是最好的。你会在构建第一个版本时更好的了解产品,而不是必须与客户交谈来了解需求。如果你自己不需要它,而你在构建别人需要的东西,要意识到你处于一个很大的劣势,并且要非常非常接近你的客户。如果可以的话,试着在他们的办公室里工作,如果不能,一天和他们交谈好几次。


笔记:解决自身碰到的问题!世界上有很多跟你类似的个体


Another somewhat counterintuitivething about good startup ideas is that they're almost always very easy toexplain and very easy to understand. If it takes more then a sentence toexplain what you're doing, that's almost always a sign that its toocomplicated. It should be a clearly articulated vision with a small number ofwords. And the best ideas are usually very different from existing companies,[either] in one important way, like Google being a search engine that workedjust really well, and none of the other stuff of the portals, or totally new,like SpaceX. Any company that's a clone of something else, that already exists,with some small or made up differentiator—like X, beautiful design, or Y forpeople that like red wine instead—that usually fails.


关于好的创业点子,另一件有点违反直觉的事情是,它们几乎总是非常容易解释和理解的。

如果需要更多的句子来解释你在做什么,说明它太复杂了。它应该是一个清晰的愿景,用少量的文字。最好的想法通常都与现有的公司有很大的不同,(或者)在一个重要的方面,比如谷歌是一个运行良好的搜索引擎,而不是其他门户网站的东西,或者是像SpaceX那样的全新的东西。任何一家公司,如果它克隆了其他已经存在的东西,只是制造了一些小的或编造的差异,如类似的产品重新做一下包装等通常都会失败。



笔记:容易理解表示,能用简单的语言清晰的描述你想要做什么,接收信息的人知道你想干什么,易于他们使用你的产品,从而容易推广。一个反例就是工业产品里面有很多复制的报价,没有专业知识的人会看不懂,这若出现在大众化的产品中会是一场灾难。再想想大宝化妆品的一个广告语,早晚抹一抹简单,把复杂的事情变简单,贡献!


在国内抄袭容易赚到钱,但不利于长期发展。Sam这里说的不是捞一把钱走人的那种企业,而是未来能够成为一个伟大公司的创业企业的应有的做事方式,不应该是抄袭。


So as I mentioned, one of thegreat things about being a student is that you've got a very good perspectiveon new technology. And learning to have good ideas takes a while, so startworking on that right now. That's one thing we hear from people all the time,that they wish they had done more of as a student.


正如我提到的,当学生的好处之一就是你对新技术有很好的看法。学会有好的想法是需要一段时间的,所以现在就开始努力吧。这是我们经常听到的一件事,他们希望自己在学生时代做得更好。


笔记:想在人生某个阶段做的更好或者高于同龄人,需要增加自己的经验值,通过读书、接触比自己牛逼的人来实现,另外就是不要过颓废的生活。提升自己的衣品、健身、演讲等等各项技能总之有很多事情值得去干,不要让生活仅有游戏、吃饭、睡觉以及邋遢。


The other is meeting potentialcofounders. You have no idea how good of an environment you're in right now,for meeting people you can start a company with down the road. And the onething that we always tell college students is that more important then anyparticular startup is getting to know potential cofounders.


另一个是会见潜在的合伙人。你不知道你现在所处的环境有多好,能让你在日后结识可以一起开公司的人。我们经常告诉大学生的一件事是比任何创业公司更重要的是了解潜在的合伙人。


So I want to

finish this section of my talk with a quote from 50 Cent.Thisis from when he was asked about Vitamin Water. I won't read it, it's up there,but it's about the importance of thinking about what customers want, and thinkingabout the demands of the market. Most people don't do this—most studentsespecially don't do this. If you can just do this one thing, if you can justlearn to think about the market first, you'll have a big leg up on most peoplestarting startups. And this is probably the thing we see wrong with YCombinator apps most frequently, is that people have not thought about themarket first, and what people want first.


我想引用50 Cent的一句话来结束我关于点子的阐述,这是当被问及维生素水的时候。我就不读了,就在PPT上面,但这是关于考虑顾客想要什么,以及考虑市场需求的重要性。大多数人,尤其是学生,不会这样做。如果你能做到这一点,如果你能学会先考虑市场,你就会比大多数创业的人更有优势,这可能是我们在Y Combinator应用程序中看到的最常见的错误,那就是人们没有首先考虑市场,以及人们首先想要什么。


笔记:开发客户需要的产品,而不是自己意淫出来的产品




So for the next section, I'mgoing to talk about building a great product. And here, again, I'm going to usea very broad definition of product. It includes customer support, the copy youwrite explaining the product, anything involved in your customer's interactionin what you built for them.


接下来的内容,我将讨论如何构建一个伟大的产品。同样,这里说的产品的定义也比较宽泛。它包括客户支持(客户界面的服务),你写的解释产品的彩页(产品说明书),任何与你为客户建立的互动有关的东西。


To build a really great company,you first have to turn a great idea into a great product. This is really hard,but its crucially important, and fortunately its pretty fun. Although greatproducts are always new to the world, and its hard to give you advice aboutwhat to build, there are enough commonalities that we can give you a lot ofadvice about how to build it.


要建立一个真正伟大的公司,你首先要把一个伟大的想法变成伟大的产品。这确实很难,但它至关重要,幸运的是,它很有趣。尽管伟大的产品对世界来说总是新的,并且很难给你关于该构建什么的建议,但是有足够的共性,我们可以给你很多关于如何构建它的建议。


笔记:建立一个伟大的产品有很多共性,底层互通的东西


One of the most important tasksfor a founder is to make sure that the company builds a great product. Untilyou build a great product, nothing else matters. When really successful startupfounders tell the story of their early days its almost always sitting in frontof the computer working on their product, or talking to their customers. That'spretty much all the time. They do very little else, and you should be veryskepticalif your time

allocation is much different. Most other problems that founders aretrying to solve, raising money, getting more press, hiring, businessdevelopment, et cetera, these are significantly easier when you have a greatproduct. Its really important to take care of that first. Step one is to buildsomething that users love. At YC, we tell founders to work on their product,talk to users, exercise, eat and sleep, and very little else. All the otherstuff I just mentioned—PR, conferences, recruiting advisers, doingpartnerships—you should ignore all of that, and just build a product and get itas good as possible by talking to your users.


对于创始人来说,最重要的任务之一就是确保公司开发出伟大的产品。在你创造出一个伟大的产品之前,其他一切都不重要。当真正成功的初创公司创始人讲述他们早期的故事时,他们几乎总是坐在电脑前开发他们的产品,或与客户交谈。差不多一直都是这样。他们很少做其他事情,如果你的时间分配跟这些大佬们有很大不同的话,你应该好好思考一下。大多数创业者想要解决的其他问题,如:筹集资金,获得更多的媒体关注,招聘,业务发展,等等,如果你有一个很棒的产品,这些都会变得容易得多。首先处理好产品这个问题真的很重要。第一步是做用户喜欢的东西。在YC,我们告诉创业者们,做自己的产品,和用户交流,锻炼身体,吃饭睡觉,其他的就少做。我刚才提到的所有其他事情——公关、会议、招聘顾问、建立合作伙伴关系——你应该忽略所有这些,而只是创建一个产品,并通过与用户交流来获得尽可能好的产品。


笔记:聚焦在产品上,少做其它事情。时间分配要到位,要能约束住自己。注意力在哪里,时间就会投入在哪里。刚开始要多花时间打磨自己的产品,这个是内核,其它的融资、公共关系等等都是长在产品之上的,属于第二阶段的事情。初期要做好产品经理和开发者的工作,把这个活干好。


Your job is to build somethingthat users love. Very few companies that go on to be super successful get therewithout first doing this. A lot of good-on-paper startups fail because theymerely make something that people like. Making something that people want, butonly a medium amount, is a great way to fail, and not understand why you'refailing.So these are the two jobs.


你的工作就是做用户喜欢的东西, 很少有公司在没有做这些事情之前就取得了巨大的成功. 很多纸面上表现不错的初创公司之所以失败,仅仅是因为他们做了人们喜欢的东西. 制造出人们想要的东西,但若你只做到了中等水平,还是会失败(你没有做到让客户喜欢),而且你可能不明白自己为什么会失败。做的中等和做的好是两码事。


笔记:优、良、中、差,期间的区别很大。在面向市场时,通常只有做的最后的才能占据市场,且会占据绝大部分市场有些像0-1的游戏,而其他的都属于others领域了。


Something that we say at YC a lotis that its better to build something that a small number of users love, then alarge number of users like. Of course, it would be best to build something thata small number of users love, but opportunities to do that for v1 are rare, andthey're usually not available to startups. So in practice you end up choosingthe gray or the orange. You make something that a lot of users like a littlebit, or something that a small number of users love a lot. This is a veryimportant piece of advice. Build something that a small number of users love.It is much easier to expand from something that small number of people love, tosomething that a lot of people love, then from something that a lot of peoplelike to a lot of people love. If you get right, you can get a lot of otherthings wrong. If you don't get this right, you can get everything else right,and you'll probably still fail. So when you start on the startup, this is theonly thing you need to care about until its working.


我们在YC经常说的是,最好是创造出少数用户喜爱的东西,而不是大多数用户喜欢(没有喜爱的程度强,一般般的或者用户还有其他更好替代品可用的)的东西。最好是做一些只有少数用户喜欢的东西,当然,最好是让所有消费者都喜,但是对创业初期来说这样的机会非常少。所以实际上你会选择灰色或橙色(小众一点的)。你做的东西很多用户都不怎么喜欢,或者只有一小部分用户非常喜欢,这是一个非常重要的建议。做一些只有少数用户喜爱的东西。从少数人喜欢的东西扩展到很多人喜欢的东西,然后从很多人喜欢的东西扩展到很多人喜爱的东西,这要容易得多(逐步迭代)。如果你在这方面做对了,你可能在其他方面会做错很多其他事情。如果你在这方面做得不好,你在其他方面都做得很好,但你可能仍然会失败。所以当你开始创业的时候,你首先要做的就是把产品做到有一部分人钟爱,在此之前也是你唯一需要关心的事情。



笔记:当前大公司不屑于做的,或者是非他们主航道的业务等。从0->1,先把这个过程做好,抓住一部分客户。


So you have a choice in astartup. The best thing of all worlds is to build a product that a lot ofpeople really love. In practice, you can't usually do that, because if there'san opportunity like that, Google or Facebook will do it. So there's like alimit to the area under the curve, of what you can build. So you can buildsomething that a large number of users like a little bit, or a small number ofusers love a lot. So like the total amount of love is the same, its just aquestion of how its distributed. [audience laughter] And there's like this lawof conservation of how much happiness you can put in the world, with the firstproduct of a startup.


所以创业时你有一个选择。世界上最好的事情就是开发出一款很多人都喜欢的产品。实际上,您通常不能这样做,因为如果有这样的机会,Google或Facebook会先你一步做到。所以曲线下的面积是有受限的。所以你可以创造出很多用户都喜欢的东西,也可以创造出少数用户非常喜爱的东西。因此,用户爱的总量是一样的,差别就在于他如何分布。用一个创业公司的第一件产品,能够创造出客户喜爱度的守恒定律(Sam认为喜爱和喜欢总量是一定的,比如他们3/7、4/6、5/5等比例,就看看用户是怎么分配给你的产品的了)


And so startups always struggle,with which of those two they should go. And they seem equal, right? Because thearea under the curve is the same. But we've seen this time and again, thatthey're not. And that it's so much easier to expand, once you've got somethingthat some people love, you can expand that into something that a lot of otherpeople love. But if you start with ambivalence, or weak enthusiasm, and try toexpand that, you'll never get up to a lot of people loving it. So the adviceis: find a small group of users, and make them love what you're doing


所以创业公司总是在纠结,到底应该选择哪一个?它们看起来是相等的,对吧? 因为曲线下的面积是一样的。但我们再看一次,它们不是。一旦你有了一些人喜欢的东西,你就可以把它扩展成很多人喜欢的东西。但如果你一开始就有矛盾情绪,或者热情不强,然后试图扩大它,你永远不会达到很多人喜欢它的程度。所以建议是:找到一个小的用户群,让他们喜爱你所做的产品。


One way that you know when thisis working, is that you'll get growth by word of mouth. If you get somethingpeople love, people will tell their friends about it. This works for consumerproduct and enterprise products as well. When people really love something,they'll tell their friends about it, and you'll see organic growth.


有一种方法可以让你知道什么时候会起作用,那就是通过口碑营销来获得增长。如果你的产品得到人们的喜爱,人们会告诉他们的朋友。这适用于消费产品和企业产品。当人们真的喜欢某样东西时,他们会告诉他们的朋友,你就会看到自然增长。


If you find yourself talkingabout how it's okay that you're not growing—because there's a big partnershipthat's going to come save you or something like that—its almost always a signof real trouble. Sales and marketing are really important, and we're going tohave two classes on them later. A great product is the secret to long termgrowth hacking. You should get that right before anything else. It doesn't geteasier to put off making a great product. If you try to build a growth machinebefore you have a product that some people really love, you're almost certainlygoing to waste your time. Breakout companies almost always have a productthat's so good, it grows by word of mouth. Over the long run, great productwin. Don't worry about your competitors raising a lot of money, or what theymight do in the future. They probably aren't very good anyway. Very few startupsdie from competition. Most die because they themselves fail to make somethingusers love, they spend their time on other things. So worry about this aboveall else.


如果你发现自己总是觉得还好,在谈到没有增长的情况时——因为你有一个资金雄厚的支持者来拯救你或者类似的事情——这几乎总是一个真正麻烦的信号。销售和市场营销是非常重要的,我们以后会有两堂课讲这个。一个好的产品是实现长期增长的秘密。你应该先把这个弄清楚。如果推迟把产品做好,其他项工作也会推迟。如果你试图在你的产品还没有得到人们的喜爱之前就建立一个增长机制,你几乎肯定会浪费你的时间。突破性的公司几乎总是有一种产品非常好,靠口碑来增长。从长远来看,伟大的产品会获胜。不要担心你的竞争对手筹集了很多钱,也不要担心他们将来会做什么。它们可能也不是很好。很少有创业公司会死于竞争。大多数公司之所以倒闭,是因为他们自己没能做出用户喜欢的东西,他们把时间花在了其他事情上。所以最重要的是要担心就是打磨好产品。


笔记:把产品的内核先打造好,让客户喜欢你的东西是第一位的,其他的都是这个内核的衍生品,如销售、营销之类的,初期的时候要聚焦打造好这个内核。梳理出事情的依赖关系,及先后顺序。


Another piece of advice to makesomething that users love: start with something simple. Its much much easier tomake a great product if you have something simple. Even if your eventual plansare super complex, and hopefully they are, you can almost always start with asmaller subset of the problem then you think is the smallest, and its hard tobuild a great product, so you want to start with as little surface area as possible.Think about the really successful companies, and what they started with, thinkabout products you really love. They're generally incredibly simple to use, andespecially to get started using. The first version of Facebook was almostcomically simple. The first version of Google was just a webpage with a textboxand two buttons; but it returned the best results, and that's why users lovedit. The iPhone is far simpler to use then any smartphone that ever came beforeit, and it was the first one users really loved.


另一个要做用户喜欢的东西的建议是:从简单的东西开始。如果你有一些简单的东西,就更容易做出一个伟大的产品。即使你的最终计划非常复杂(希望如此),你几乎总是可以从你认为是最小的问题的一个更小的子集开始。因为很难一下子建立一个伟大的产品,所以你要从尽可能小的领域开始。想想那些真正成功的公司,想想他们是怎么开始的,想想你真正喜欢的产品。它们通常使用起来非常简单,尤其是刚开始使用时。Facebook的第一个版本简直简单得可笑。谷歌的第一个版本只是一个带有文本框和两个按钮的网页; 但它返回了最好的结果,这就是用户喜欢它的原因。iPhone比之前出现的任何智能手机使用起来都要简单得多,它是第一个真正受到用户喜爱的手机。


笔记:简单到满足最核心的功能,其他的先做冗余处理。对于这个方式,可以使用合并同类项来简化,或者使用逻辑链划分出层次,只做最核心的,像1+1=2一样简单。




Another reason that simple's goodis because it forces you to do one thing extremely well and you have to do thatto make something that people love.

简单之所以好,另一个原因是,它迫使你把一件事做得非常好,你必须这样做,才能做出人们喜欢的东西。


笔记:随然简单,但要给出可衡量的指标,哪些指标你可以做到极致,别人就是不如你。


The word fanatical comes up again

and again when you listen to successful founders talk about how they think

about their product. Founders talk about being fanatical in how they care about

the quality of the small details. Fanatical in getting the copy that they use

to explain the product just right. and fanatical in the way that they think

about customer support. In fact, one thing that correlates with success among

the YC companies is the founders that hook up Pagerduty to their ticketing

system, so that even if the user emails in the middle of the night when the

founder's asleep, they still get a response within an hour. Companiesactually do this in the early days. Their founders feel physical pain when theproduct sucks and they want to wake up and fix it. They don't ship crap, and ifthey do, they fix it very very quickly. And it definitely takes some level offanaticism to build great products.


当你听成功的创始人谈论他们如何看待自己的产品时,狂热这个词会反复出现。创业者说他们要狂热地关注细节的质量。激发起听众想要使用他们正在狂热解释的产品。他们对想获取客户支持的想法很狂热。事实上,与YC投资的那些公司的成功相关的一件事是,创始人将Pagerduty与他们的业务系统连接起来,这样即使用户在半夜(当创始人睡着)的时候发邮件,他们也能在一个小时内得到回复。公司在早期确实是这样做的,当产品糟糕时,他们的创始人会感到身体上的疼痛,他们想要清醒过来,修复它。给用户使用质量不过关的产品是不可以的,假若质量差,他们会非常迅速地修复。当然,创造伟大的产品需要一定程度的狂热。


笔记:真正的懂产品、了解产品,而不是把它当做一个忽悠人的工具。客户真正买单的是好用的产品,而不是你的包装你的广告,这些只是为了引流用的。


You need some users to help withthe feedback cycle, but the way you should get those users is manually—youshould go recruit them by hand. Don't do things like buy Google ads in theearly days, to get initial users. You don't need very many, you just need onesthat will give you feedback everyday, and eventually love your product. Soinstead of trying to get them on Google Adwords, just the few people, in theworld, that would be good users. Recruit them by hand.


你需要一些用户来帮助实现反馈闭环,但是你应该用人工的方式来获得这些用户——你应该人工去招募他们。不要在早期就购买谷歌的广告来获得最初的用户。你不需要很多,你只需要每天给你反馈,并最终喜欢你的产品的人。所以,与其把他们放在谷歌Adwords上,世界上只有少数人,那才是好的用户。人工去招募他们。


Ben

Silbermann, when everyone thought Pinterest was a joke, recruited the initial

Pinterest users by chatting up strangers in coffee shops. He really did, he

just walked around Palo Alto and said "Will you please use my

product?" He also used to run around the Apple store in Palo Alto, and he

would like set all the browsers to the Pinterest homepage real quick, before

they caught him and kicked him out, (laughter) and so that when people walked

in they were like "Oh, what's this?". This is an important example of

doing things that don't scale.If you haven't readPaul Graham's

essay on that topic, you definitely should.


当所有人都认为Pinterest是个笑话时,本•西尔伯曼(Ben Silbermann)通过在咖啡店与陌生人聊天,招募了最初的Pinterest用户。他真的这么做了,他只是在帕洛阿尔托到处走然后说"你可以用一下我的产品吗?"他还曾经在帕洛阿尔托的苹果商店里跑来跑去,他会很快地把所有的浏览器都设置成Pinterest的主页,在他们(苹果专卖店的保安)抓住他并把他赶出去之前。所以当人们走进来的时候,他们会问:“哦,这是什么?”这是一个不按常规做事情的重要例子。如果你还没有读过保罗·格雷厄姆关于这个话题的文章,你绝对应该读一读。


So get users manually andremember that the goal is to get a small group of them to love you. Understandthat group extremely well, get extremely close to them. Listen to them andyou'll almost always find out that they're very willing to give you feedback.Even if you're building the product for yourself, listen to outside users, andthey'll tell you how to make a product they'll pay for. Do whatever you need tomake them love you, and make them know what you're doing. Because they'll alsobe the advocates that help you get your next users.


所以要手动获取用户,记住我们的目标是让一小群人喜欢你。做到非常了解他们,非常接近他们。倾听他们,你几乎总会发现他们非常愿意给你反馈。即使你是为自己开发产品,也要听取外部用户的意见,他们会告诉你如何开发他们愿意掏钱购买的产品。尽你所能让他们爱你,让他们知道你在做什么。因为他们也是帮助你获得下一个用户的鼓吹者。


笔记:你要为你的产品做些什么,哪怕他看起来很荒谬。


You want to build an engine inthe company that transforms feedback from users into product decisions. Thenget it back in from of the users and repeat. Ask them what the like and don'tlike, and watch them use it. Ask them what they'd pay for. Ask them if they'dbe really bummed if your company went away. Ask them what would make themrecommend the product to their friends, and ask them if they'd recommended itto any yet.


你想在公司里建立一个引擎,将用户的反馈转化为产品决策。然后产品交付到客户手中并再次获取反馈,重复这个过程。问他们喜欢什么,不喜欢什么,然后看他们如何使用。问他们愿意为什么付钱。问问他们,如果你的公司不提供服务了,他们会不会很难过。问他们是什么促使他们向朋友推荐这个产品,并问他们是否已经向任何人推荐了这个产品。


笔记:建立一个反馈循环的机制,把他们清单化,作为一个系统运作起来


You should make this feedbackloop as tight as possible. If your product gets 10 percent better every week,that compounds really quickly. One of the advantages of software startups isjust how short you can make the feedback loop. It can be measured in hours, andthe best companies usually have the tightest feedback loop. You should try tokeep this going for all of your company's life, but its really important in theearly days.


你应该使这个反馈循环尽可能的紧密,如果你的产品每周都能提高10%,那复合提供率就会非常快,软件初创公司的优势之一就是反馈周期很短。它可以用时间来衡量,最好的公司通常拥有最紧密的反馈循环。你应该在公司的整个发展过程中都这样做,但这在早期是非常重要的。


The good news is that all this isdoable. Its hard, it takes a lot of effort, but there's no magic. The plan isat least is straightforward, and you will eventually get to a great product.

好消息是,所有这些都是可行的。这很难,需要很多努力,但没有魔法。这个计划至少是简单明了的,最终你会得到一个伟大的产品。


笔记:这是一个清晰的机制,但需要践行


Great founders don't put anyone

between themselves and their users. The founders of these companies do things

like sales and customer support themselves in the early days. Its critical to

get this loop embedded in the culture. In fact, a

specific problem we always see with Stanford startups, for some reason, is that

the students try to hire sales and customer support people right away, and

you've got to do this yourself, its the only way.


伟大的创始人不会把任何人挡在自己和用户之间。这些公司的创始人在创立初期就自己做销售和客户支持等工作。让这种循环融入到文化中是至关重要的。事实上,我们经常在斯坦福的创业公司中看到一个特殊的问题,出于某种原因,就是学生们试图马上雇佣销售人员和客户支持人员,而你必须自己去做,这是唯一的方法。


笔记:创业初期你要亲力亲为,做好每一个模块,对业务建立真正的认知,然后再去雇人去做。


You really need to use metrics to

keep yourself honest on this. It really is true that the company will build

whatever the CEO decides to measure. If you're building an Internet service,

ignore things like total registrations—don't talk about them, don't let anyone

in the company talk about them—and look at growth and active users,

activity levels, cohort retention, revenue, net promoter scores, these things that matter. And then be brutally

honest if they're not going in the right direction. Startups

live on growth, its the indicator of a great product.


你真的需要使用指标来使自己的保持诚实。这是真的,公司是建立在任何首席执行官决定衡量标准的基础之上的。如果你正在建立一个互联网服务,忽略像总注册数这样的事情——不要谈论它们,也不要让公司里的任何人谈论它们——而关注增长、活跃用户、活跃程度、群组留存率、收入、净推广分数,这些事情才是最重要的。


笔记:形成指标,强化执行




So this about wraps up theoverview on building a great product. I want to emphasize again, that if youdon't get this right, nothing else we talk about in the class will matter. Youcan basically ignore everything else in the class until this is working well.On the positive side, this is one of the most fun parts of building a startup.SoI'm going to pause here, we'll pick back up with the rest of this on Thursday,and now Dustin is going to talk about why you should start a startup. Thank youfor coming, Dustin.


以上就是关于创建伟大产品的概述。我想再次强调,如果你没有把上述事情做对,我们在课堂上讲的其他内容都没啥用。您基本上可以忽略课程中的其他所有内容,直到把上述事情做对为止。从积极的方面来说,这是创业过程中最有趣的部分之一。所以我要暂停一下,我们将在周四继续剩下的内容,现在达斯汀将谈谈为什么你应该创业。谢谢你能来,达斯汀。

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