Day11 Topic4 The living was easy-----vocabulary 词汇扫盲
1、fossil 化石
A fossil is the hard remains of a prehistoric animal or plant that are found inside a rock.
2、putative
considered to exist or have existed; inferred
putativa fossil 现存化石
3、interstellar 星际的
adjective
Interstellar means between the stars.
4、stromatolite 叠层石
noun
a rocky mass consisting of layers of calcareous material and sediment formed by the prolific growth of cyanobacteria: such structures date back to Precambrian times
5、mound
A mound of something is a large rounded pile of it.
6、photosynthesising
光能合成 光合作用
7、debut
The debut of a performer or sports player is their first public performance, appearance, or recording.
8、intriguingly
adjective
If you describe something as intriguing, you mean that it is interesting or strange.
This intriguing book is both thoughtful and informative.
Synonyms: interesting, fascinating, absorbing, exciting
9、swathe
1） countable noun
A swathe of land is a long strip of land.
On May 1st the army took over another swathe of territory.
Year by year great swathes of this small nation's countryside disappear.
2）countable noun
A swathe of cloth is a long strip of cloth, especially one that is wrapped around someone or something.
...swathes of white silk.
3）verb
To swathe someone or something in cloth means to wrap them in it completely.
She swathed her enormous body in thin black fabrics.
His head was swathed in bandages made from a torn sheet.
Synonyms: wrap, drape, envelop, bind
10、basalt n. [岩] 玄武岩；黑陶器
Basalt is a type of black rock that is produced by volcanoes.
11、lava 岩浆
Lava is the very hot liquid rock that comes out of a volcano.
12、outcrops 露出地面的岩层
countable noun
An outcrop is a large area of rock sticking out of the ground.
13、jasper 贾斯珀；碧玉（又称铁石英）
a type of chert quartz that is usually reddish due to the presence of hematite
14、quartz 石英
Quartz is a mineral in the form of a hard, shiny crystal. It is used in making electronic equipment and very accurate watches and clocks.
15、compressed
Compressed air or gas is squeezed into a small space or container and is therefore at a higher pressure than normal. It is used especially as a source of power for machines.
16、veins 叶脉；[地质] 岩脉；【地质学】矿脉；(地层中的)水脉
A vein of a particular metal or mineral is a layer of it lying in rock.
...a vein of copper.
...a rich and deep vein of limestone.
17、nodules 【地质学、矿物学】结核
A nodule is a small round lump which is found on the roots of certain plants.
...bacteria that live in root nodules on certain plants.
18、microns 微米
19、rosette
countable noun
A rosette is a decoration or design that looks rather like a rose.
...intricately carved wood rosettes.
Garnish the plate with whipped cream rosettes and fresh fruits.
20、decay
1） verb
When something such as a dead body, a dead plant, or a tooth decays, it is gradually destroyed by a natural process.
e.g The bodies buried in the fine ash slowly decayed.
The ground was scattered with decaying leaves.
Synonyms: rot, break down, disintegrate, spoil More Synonyms of decay
Decay is also a noun.
When not removed, plaque causes tooth decay and gum disease.
decayed adjective
...decayed teeth.
Synonyms: rotten, bad, decaying, wasted
2）verb
If something such as a society, system, or institution decays, it gradually becomes weaker or its condition gets worse.
e.g Popular cinema seems to have decayed.
Congress has tried dozens of approaches to revitalize decaying urban and rural areas.
Decay is also a noun.
There are problems of urban decay and gang violence.
21、fossilise
1） verb
If the remains of an animal or plant fossilize or are fossilized, they become hard and form fossils, instead of decaying completely.
e.g The most important parts, the flowers, rarely fossilise.
The survival of the proteins depends on the way in which bones are fossilised.
...fossilized dinosaur bones.
延伸 2）verb
If you say that ideas, attitudes, or ways of behaving have fossilized or have been fossilized, you are criticizing the fact that they are fixed and unlikely to change, in spite of changing situations or circumstances.
[disapproval]
What they seem to want to do in fact is fossilize the particular environment in which people live and work.
Needs change while policies fossilize.
fossilized adjective
...these fossilized organisations.
Synonyms: obsolete, antiquated, anachronistic, inflexible
Synonyms: petrified, dead, extinct, prehistoric
22、intrigue
1）variable noun
Intrigue is the making of secret plans to harm or deceive people.
...political intrigue.
...a powerful story of intrigue, passion and betrayal.
...the plots and intrigues in the novel.
Synonyms: plot, scheme, conspiracy, manoeuvre More Synonyms of intrigue
2） verb
If something, especially something strange, intrigues you, it interests you and you want to know more about it.
The novelty of the situation intrigued him.
Synonyms: interest, fascinate, arouse the curiosity of, attract
23、diameter n. 直径
The diameter of a round object is the length of a straight line that can be drawn across it, passing through the middle of it.
...a tube less than a fifth of the diameter of a human hair.
...a length of 22-mm diameter steel pipe.
...a tiny capsule, between 1 and 3 millimetres in diameter.
Synonyms: breadth, span, width, spread
24、haematite n. [矿物] 赤铁矿
a red, grey, or black mineral, found as massive beds and in veins and igneous rocks. It is the chief source of iron. Composition: iron (ferric) oxide. Formula: Fe2O3. Crystal structure: hexagonal (rhombohedral)
. Also called : iron glance
25、iron
1）uncountable noun
Iron is an element which usually takes the form of a hard, dark-grey metal. It is used to make steel, and also forms part of many tools, buildings, and vehicles. Very small amounts of iron occur in your blood and in food.
The huge, iron gate was locked.
...the highest-grade iron ore deposits in the world.
Some would call these odd pieces of iron and wood 'antiques'.
He was a tall, lanky man with iron-grey hair.
2） countable noun
An iron is an electrical device with a flat metal base. You heat it until the base is hot, then rub it over clothes to remove creases.
3） verb
If you iron clothes, you remove the creases from them using an iron.
She used to iron his shirts.
...a freshly ironed shirt.
ironing uncountable noun
I managed to get all the ironing done this morning.
4） adjective
You can use iron to describe the character or behaviour of someone who is very firm in their decisions and actions, or who can control their feelings well.
...a man of icy nerve and iron will.
She delighted in the nickname, the 'iron lady'.
Synonyms: inflexible, hard, strong, tough
5） adjective
Iron is used in expressions such as an iron hand and iron discipline to describe strong, harsh, or unfair methods of control which do not allow people much freedom.
He died in 1985 after ruling Albania with an iron fist for 40 years.
...a people living permanently in the iron grip of poverty.
26、oxide
variable noun
An oxide is a compound of oxygen and another chemical element.
Atoms of iron in the nail combine with atoms of oxygen from the air to form molecules of iron oxide, or rust.
27、filament
A filament is a very thin piece or thread of something, for example the piece of wire inside a light bulb.
Synonyms: strand, string, wire, fibre
28、anchor
verb
If something is anchored in something or to something, it has strong links with it.
A united Germany must be firmly anchored in NATO if Europe is to remain stable.
His basic outlook remains anchored in the liberal tradition.
29、lump
countable noun
A lump of something is a solid piece of it.
The potter shaped and squeezed the lump of clay into a graceful shape.
...a lump of wood.
They used to buy ten kilos of beef in one lump.
Synonyms: piece, group, ball, spot
30、corkscrew 开塞钻，螺丝堆
A corkscrew is a device for pulling corks out of bottles.
31、hydrothermal 热液的
adjective
of or relating to the action of water under conditions of high temperature, esp in forming rocks and minerals
hydrothermal solution 热液溶解作用；热水溶液
hydrothermal alteration 热液蚀变；水热蚀变
hydrothermal deposit 热液矿床
hydrothermal process 热液酌；热液作用
hydrothermal vent 深海热泉；深海热液喷口
32、tectonic adj. [地质] 构造的；建筑的；地壳构造上的
adjective
Tectonic means relating to the structure of the Earth's surface or crust.
[technical]
...the tectonic plates of the Pacific region.
33、mineral-laden 富含矿物质的
1）adjective
If someone or something is laden with a lot of heavy things, they are holding or carrying them.
[literary]
I came home laden with cardboard boxes.
The following summer the peach tree was laden with fruit.
...heavily-laden mules.
Synonyms: loaded, burdened, hampered, weighted
2）adjective
If you describe a person or thing as laden with something, particularly something bad, you mean that they have a lot of it.
We're so laden with guilt.
Many of their heavy industries are laden with debt.
3）verb
a past participle of lade1
34、spurt up
When liquid or fire spurts from somewhere, or when something spurts liquid or fire, it comes out quickly in a thin, powerful stream.
35、remnant 残余部分
countable noun
The remnants of something are small parts of it that are left over when the main part has disappeared or been destroyed.
After twenty-four hours of fighting, the remnants of the force were fleeing.
Beneath the present church were remnants of Roman flooring.
Obedience by women towards men is a remnant of religious teaching.
Synonyms: remainder, remains, trace, fragment
36、crenellate
crenellate
V to supply with battlements 在(墙)上筑雉堞或开枪眼
37、plausible
1. adjective
An explanation or statement that is plausible seems likely to be true or valid.
A more plausible explanation would seem to be that people are fed up with the Conservative government.
That explanation seems entirely plausible to me.
Synonyms: believable, possible, likely, reasonable More Synonyms of plausible
plausibly (plɔːzɪbli ) adverb
Having bluffed his way in without paying, he could not plausibly demand his money back.
plausibility (plɔːzɪbɪlɪti ) uncountable noun
...the plausibility of the theory.
2. adjective
If you say that someone is plausible, you mean that they seem to be telling the truth and to be sincere and honest.
He was so plausible that he conned everybody.
Synonyms: glib, smooth, specious, smooth-talking
38、candidate
1）countable noun
A candidate is someone who is being considered for a position, for example someone who is running in an election or applying for a job.
The Democratic candidate is still leading in the polls.
He is a candidate for the office of Governor.
We all spoke to them and John emerged as the best candidate.
Synonyms: contender, competitor, applicant, nominee More Synonyms of candidate
2. countable noun
A candidate is someone who is taking an examination.
[British]
3. countable noun
A candidate is someone who is studying for a degree at a college.
[US]
4. countable noun
A candidate is a person or thing that is regarded as being suitable for a particular purpose or as being likely to do or be a particular thing.
I think Birmingham City are prime candidates for relegation next season.
Those who are overweight or indulge in high-salt diets are candidates for hypertension.
39、pore
verb
If you pore over or through information, you look at it and study it very carefully.
e.g We spent hours poring over travel brochures.
It will take several more months to pore through the volumes of documents.
Synonyms: study, read, examine, go over
40、gradient
1. countable noun
A gradient is a slope, or the degree to which the ground slopes.
[British]
...a gradient of 1 in 3.
The courses are long and punishing, with steep gradients.
REGIONAL NOTE:
in AM, usually use grade
Synonyms: slope, hill, rise, grade
2. countable noun
The gradient of a graph or series of measurements is the rate at which one set of amounts changes in relation to another.
41、scrutiny
uncountable noun
If a person or thing is under scrutiny, they are being studied or observed very carefully.
His private life came under media scrutiny.
The President promised a government open to public scrutiny.
Synonyms: examination, study, investigation, search
42、palaeobioligist
43、implication
1. countable noun
The implications of something are the things that are likely to happen as a result.
e.g The Attorney General was aware of the political implications of his decision to prosecute.
The low level of current investment has serious implications for future economic growth.
Synonyms: consequence, result, development, ramification
2. countable noun
The implication of a statement, event, or situation is what it implies or suggests is the case.
The implication was obvious: vote for us or it will be very embarrassing for you.
The implication that marital infidelity enhances a leader's credibility is preposterous.
by implication
44、derive
1. verb
If you derive something such as pleasure or benefit from a person or from something, you get it from them.
[formal]
Mr Ying is one of those happy people who derive pleasure from helping others.
Synonyms: obtain, get, receive, draw
2. verb
If you say that something such as a word or feeling derives or is derived from something else, you mean that it comes from that thing.
Anna's strength is derived from her parents and her sisters.
The word Easter derives from Eostre, the pagan goddess of spring.
45、penetrate
1. verb
If something or someone penetrates a physical object or an area, they succeed in getting into it or passing through it.
X-rays can penetrate many objects.
His men had been ordered to shoot on sight anyone trying to penetrate the area.
penetration (penɪtreɪʃən )
Word forms:
uncountable noun
The exterior walls are three to three and a half feet thick to prevent penetration by bombs.
...moves designed to block enemy penetrations.
Synonyms: piercing, entry, entrance, invasion
Synonyms: pervasion, spreading, soaking, diffusion
Synonyms: entry, entrance, inroad More Synonyms of penetrate
Synonyms: perception, insight, wit, sharpness
2. verb
If someone penetrates an organization, a group, or a profession, they succeed in entering it although it is difficult to do so.
...the continuing failure of women to penetrate the higher levels of engineering.
The drugs industry is complex and hard to penetrate.
3. verb
If someone penetrates an enemy group or a rival organization, they succeed in joining it in order to get information or cause trouble.
The CIA had requested our help to penetrate a drugs ring operating out of Munich.
The army was one of the few institutions the secret police were not encouraged to penetrate.
penetration uncountable noun
...the successful penetration by the KGB of the French intelligence service.
Synonyms: piercing, entry, entrance, invasion
Synonyms: pervasion, spreading, soaking, diffusion
Synonyms: entry, entrance, inroad
Synonyms: perception, insight, wit, sharpness
4. verb
If a company or country penetrates a market or area, they succeed in selling their products there.
[business]
There have been around 15 attempts from outside France to penetrate the market.
penetration uncountable noun
...import penetration across a broad range of heavy industries.
Synonyms: piercing, entry, entrance, invasion
Synonyms: pervasion, spreading, soaking, diffusion
Synonyms: entry, entrance, inroad
Synonyms: perception, insight, wit, sharpness
5. verb
If you penetrate something that is difficult to understand, you succeed in understanding it.
[formal]
...long answers that were often difficult to penetrate.
Synonyms: grasp, understand, work out, figure out [informal]
46、crust
countable noun
A crust is a hard layer of something, especially on top of a softer or wetter substance.
As the water evaporates, a crust of salt is left on the surface of the soil.
Synonyms: layer, covering, coating, incrustation
47、confined
1. adjective
If something is confined to a particular place, it exists only in that place. If it is confined to a particular group, only members of that group have it.
The problem is not confined to Germany.
These dangers are not confined to smokers.
2. adjective
A confined space or area is small and enclosed by walls.
His long legs bent up in the confined space.
Synonyms: restricted, small, limited, narrow
3. adjective
If someone is confined to a wheelchair, bed, or house, they have to stay there, because they have a disability or are ill. This use could cause offence.
He had been confined to a wheelchair since childhood.
