Level6 Unit1 Part3 Listening
Depression & Treatment
Jack is a psychiatrist, which means he treats people who have mental problems. He has been treating patients for many years and has used a variety of treatments. Sometimes he just listens and talks to patients, and sometimes he uses medications. These medications affect the brain in many different ways.
Over the years,Jack found that some patients improved with treatment while others didn't improve at all. In some cases, a patient's response to a treatment was the opposite of what was expected. Several years ago, he had a young patient who showed him why these treatments didn't work. The patient's name was Bob. He was 20 years old when he first came to see Jack for help. The reason he came was that he had attempted suicide.
Bob was extremely smart and was a student at one of the best universities in the world. However, he was often extremely depressed. Because of his depression, he took drugs and drank a lot of alcohol. It was an overdose of drugs and alcohol that nearly killed him. His roommate called 911 when he discovered Bob unconscious in their dormitory room.
Once Bob recovered and was discharged from the hospital, he took time off from school to get help. That was when he came to the clinic where Jack practices medicine. At first, Jack attempted to treat Bob with antidepressant medications.He also used conversation and recommendations to help him rethink his life and memories. After a few months, Bob began to improve, but only moderately. Though he cooperated with the treatment, he continued to think negatively. He also continued to go through periods of depression. As a result, he wasn't able to return to school.
Because the treatment wasn't working, Jack tried something new. He decided to use brain scans to look inside Bob's brain. Brain scans are a way to look inside the brain to see how it is functioning. What the scans showed about Bob was crucial. They showed that his brain was damaged in a way that nobody had anticipated.There was significant damage to the front part of his brain. An injury in this part of the brain can contribute to depression and negative feeling. It can also contribute to feelings of anger and rage. The fact that his brain was injured and unbalanced explained why the treatments hadn't worked.
The brain scans showed why the medications and other treatments hadn't worked. They had failed because they didn't address the brain injury. After discussing the injury with Bob and his parents, they concluded that the cause of the injury was from playing soccer. In fact, Jack knew of a quite few of soccer players who had suffered head injuries from playing that sport. Heading a hard soccer ball many times can damage the brain.
With this new information, Jack used a new medication to treat the injury. Gradually, Bob improved, and after a few months was close to full recovery. He no longer had any signs of depression, and was finally able to return to school. Ultimately, Bob graduated from his university with honors, and entered a famous law school.
From this experience, Jack realized that the brain imaging had allowed him to save Bob's life. If it hadn't been for the scans, Bob would have ended up killing himself. Detecting and treating the injury to the front part of his brain was the key step in his treatment. Jack now believes that brain scans can be an important tool for psychiatrists. An injured brain must be healed before other treatments, such as vitamins, drugs or counseling, can work.
译文：杰克是一名精神病医生，这意味着他治疗有心理问题的人。他治疗病人很多年了，用过各种各样的疗法。有时他只是倾听并与病人交谈，有时他会用药物，这些药物以各种不同的方式影响着大脑。
多年来，杰克发现一些病人在治疗后病情有所好转，而另一些病人则没有丝毫的改善。在某些情况下，患者对治疗的反应与预期相反。几年前，他有一个年轻的病人向他展示了为什么这些治疗没有效果。病人的名字叫鲍勃。他第一次来找杰克帮忙时才20岁，他来的原因是他企图自杀。
鲍勃非常聪明，是世界上最好的大学之一的学生。然而，他经常极度沮丧。因为他的抑郁，他吸毒、酗酒。过量的毒品和酒精几乎要了他的命。当他的室友发现鲍勃昏迷不醒时，他拨打了911。
鲍勃康复出院后，便休学去寻求帮助。就在那时，他来到了杰克行医的诊所。起初，杰克试图用抗抑郁药物治疗鲍勃。他还通过谈话和推荐帮助他重新思考自己的生活和记忆。几个月后，鲍勃开始有所好转，但只是略有好转。虽然他配合治疗，但他仍然消极地思考。他还继续经受着抑郁症的折磨。结果，他没能回到学校。
由于治疗无效，杰克尝试了一些新方法。他决定用脑部扫描来观察鲍勃的大脑内部。脑部扫描是一种观察大脑内部以了解其功能的方法。扫描显示的关于鲍勃的情况至关重要。扫描显示他的大脑受损了，这是大家都没预料到的。他的大脑前部受到严重损伤，大脑这部分的损伤会导致抑郁和消极情绪，它也会引起愤怒的感觉。他的大脑受伤和不平衡这一事实解释了为什么这些治疗方法不奏效。
脑部扫描显示了药物和其他治疗方法无效的原因。他们失败了，因为他们没有解决大脑损伤的问题。在与鲍勃和他的父母讨论了受伤的原因后，他们得出结论，受伤的原因是踢足球。事实上，杰克知道有好几位足球运动员因为踢足球而头部受伤。多次顶着一个坚硬的足球会损伤大脑。
有了这些新资料，杰克用了一种新药来治疗受伤处。渐渐地，鲍勃的病情有所好转，几个月后就接近完全康复了。他不再有任何抑郁的迹象，终于能够回到学校。最后，鲍勃以优异的成绩从大学毕业，进入了一所著名的法学院。
从这次经历中，杰克意识到是大脑成像让他挽救了鲍勃的生命。如果不是因为扫描，鲍勃最终会自杀的。发现并治疗他大脑前部的损伤是治疗的关键一步。杰克现在相信脑部扫描对精神病学家来说是一个重要的工具。受伤的大脑必须先被治愈，才能进行其他治疗，如维生素、药物或咨询服务。
Level6 Unit1 Part3 Dialogue
New policy of a Company
We've got a real problem on our hands.
We are getting a lot of complaints.
About the proposed new policy?
Yes, people think it's an invasion of privacy.
Don't they agree that regular exercises and staying in shape is good for everyone?
Sure, they agreed.
But they don't think we have the right to use an app to track how much they exercise.
Using the app is the only way to make sure our employees get enough exercise.
This new policy will reduce our health costs and improve productivity, which helps everyone.
That's not how they see it.
This kind of regulation makes people feel like robots.
They have no freedom anymore.
Requiring everyone to wear a smart device like this on the wrist means they have no privacy.
Well, if you put it that way, I can see the problem.
However, I don't see any other way to change people's habits.
This is just a friendly reminder.
It's more than a reminder.
It makes things public, and puts pressure on people to meet the requirements.
It will force people to work out even when they don't want to.
There won't be any choice.
No, it doesn't have to be that way.
We can still be flexible.
That's not the point.
People hate the idea that the company knows everything they do.
It’s better enough that they have to communicate with each other at night and on the weekends.
What if we make the use of the app an option?
If you do that, it still puts pressure on people to use it.
I think it's best that we get rid of this idea.
I'm all for standards, but what about freedom, and creativity.
If we go ahead with this policy, I think we will lose some of our best people.
There are otherways to deal with health issues.
Such as ...What's your suggestion?
Give extra holidays to people who take fewer sick days.
No... That wouldn't work.
It will put pressure on people to come to work sick and get everyone else sick too.
If someone is sick, I'd rather that they stay at home.
Then here is a radical idea.
Why not let your department managers handle it?
They are the ones who decide on promotions and bonuses.
Setting everything in stone in the form of policies can be very dangerous.
OK, I'll consider it.
For now, I'll give up the idea of using this app.
Please let people know that we are listening to them.
We do care about our employees.
I will, I'm sure people will appreciate it.
It shows that you have faith in them.
Thanks, I appreciate your advice.
Level6 Unit1 Part3 Reading
Preventing Injuries
Exercise and a certain amount of strenuous physical activity are important for maintaining good health. However, before engaging in them, it's important to know how to prevent injuries from occurring, especially for athletes and elderly people. Injuries can be minimized by doing a proper warm up. This consists of increasing your heart rate and the blood flow to all parts of your body. A good way to do this is through a series of static stretches followed by a series of dynamic stretches, which are done while moving.
Using the proper equipment is essential, especially in contact sports. To protect the head, for example, well-designed helmets can greatly reduce the incidence of concussions. Concussions are caused when the soft, jello-like brain slams into the hard humanskull. Research shows that repeated concussions can have serious consequences.
Compression sportswear is another way to reduce the risk of injury, especially muscle injuries. More and more athletes are using them because their use can also speed up muscle recovery when an injury occurs.
Another contributing factor in sports injuries is fatigue. Doctors believe that fatigue is an important warning sign that the body has reached its limit. When fatigued it is more difficult for the body to protect itself. Therefore it's a good idea to stop an activity at the first sign of fatigue. Rest periods, even for professional athletes, can prevent serious injuries from occurring.
Understanding Injuries and the body's reaction to them can help people cope with the problems that accompany physical exercise. The support and understanding of coaches, teammates and family can be a critical factor in prevention and recovery. Once an injury occurs, it's too late to prevent it, and recovery can take a long time. For the elderly, a simple fall can be fatal.
static [ˈstætɪk]
adj.静止的; 静态的; 停滞的; 静力的;
n.天电(干扰); 静电; 静力学;
dynamic [daɪˈnæmɪk]
n.(人或事物) 相互作用的方式，动态; 力学; 动力学; 动力;
adj.充满活力的; 精力充沛的; 个性强的; 动态的; 发展变化的; 力的; 动力的;
stretches [ˈstretʃɪz]
v.拉长; 拽宽; 撑大; 抻松; 有弹性(或弹力); 拉紧; 拉直; 绷紧;
n.一片; 一泓; 一段; (连续的) 一段时间; 服刑期;
slam [slæm]
v.(使…) 砰地关上; 用力一放; 使劲一推; 猛劲一摔; 猛烈抨击;
n.猛关(或推、摔、撞等); 猛摔(或撞等)的声音;
jello [ˈdʒɛloʊ]
n.凝胶物;
Compression [kəmˈprɛʃən]
n.压缩；浓缩，压迫，加压；压力；紧缩；密集; 简练; 压缩元件，压缩波;
sportswear [ˈspɔːrtswer]
n.运动服装; 便装;
译文：想保持健康，锻炼和一定量的剧烈运动很重要。然而，在运动之前，知道如何防止伤害的发生是很重要的，尤其是对于运动员和老年人。做适当的热身运动可以让损伤降到最低。这包括提高你的心率和促进血液流向身体的各个部位。一个有效的方法是先做一系列静态拉伸，然后再做一系列动态拉伸，这些拉伸都是在运动中完成的。
使用合适的装备是必要的，尤其是在接触性运动中。例如，为了保护头部，精心设计的头盔可以大大降低脑震荡的发生率。当柔软的、凝胶状的大脑撞击坚硬的人类头骨时，就会引起脑震荡。研究表明，反复的脑震荡会导致严重的后果。
压缩运动服是另一种减少受伤风险的方法，尤其是肌肉损伤。越来越多的运动员穿压缩运动服，因为受伤时它们也可以加速肌肉的恢复。
造成运动损伤的另一个因素是疲劳。医生认为疲劳是身体达到极限的一个重要警告信号。疲劳时，身体更难保护自己。因此，在出现疲劳迹象时最好立即停止该项活动。即使是职业运动员，休息也可以预防严重受伤。
了解损伤以及身体对损伤的反应可以帮助人们应对伴随体育锻炼而来的诸多问题。教练、队友和家人的支持和理解是预防和康复的关键因素。一旦受伤发生，就已经来不及预防了，恢复可能需要很长时间。对于老年人来说，一次简单的跌倒可能是致命的。
Blood Pressure and Stroke
A large international study has found that ten risk factors account for 90 percent of all the risk of stroke. Of that list, five risk factors usually related to lifestyle are responsible for a full 80 percent of stroke risk. According to the researchers these risk factors - high blood pressure, smoking, abdominal obesity, diet and physical activity - are modifiable and can be controlled.
The findings come from a study of 3,000 people who had had strokes and an equal number of healthy individuals with no history of stroke. The study also includes a brain scan of all participating stroke survivors, according to the researchers.
Across the board, high blood pressure was the most important factor, accounting for one-third of all stroke risk. Blood pressure, it was noted, plays a major role in both forms of stroke: ischemic, the most common form(caused by blockage of a brain blood vessel), and hemorrhagic or bleeding stroke, in which a blood vessel in the brain bursts.
Blood pressure is easily measured, and there are lots of treatments. Lifestyle modifications to control it include increasing physical activity and reducing salt intake. The other lifestyle risk factors are modifiable as well. High intake of fish and fruits, for example, is associated with a lower risk of stroke.
Many of the same risk factors have been reported in other studies, but this is the first stroke risk study to include both low- and middle-income participants in developing countries.The study confirms that high blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke in both developing and developed countries. This highlights the need for health authorities in those countries to develop strategies to reduce high blood pressure, salt intake and other risk factors.
abdominal [æbˈdɑːmɪnl]
adj.腹部的;
n.腹肌;
obesity [oʊˈbisəti]
n.肥胖症;
ischemic [ɪs'kiːmɪk]
adj. 缺血性的
hemorrhagic [ˌheməˈrædʒɪk]
adj.出血（性）的;
participant [pɑːrˈtɪsɪpənt]
n.参与者; 参加者;
译文：一项大型国际研究发现，十个高危因素一起占所有中风危险的90%。在这张列表中，通常与生活方式有关的五个风险因素导致了80%的中风风险。据研究人员称，这些危险因素——高血压、吸烟、腹部肥胖、饮食和体育活动——是可以改变的，而且是可控的。
研究结果源自一项对3000名中风患者和同等数量没有中风史的健康人群的研究。研究人员说，这项研究还包括对所有参与的中风幸存者进行脑部扫描。
总的来说，高血压是最重要的因素，占所有中风风险的三分之一。研究指出，血压在两种中风中都起着重要作用：缺血性中风（最常见的中风形式，由脑血管堵塞引起）和出血性中风（脑血管破裂）。
血压很容易测量，有很多治疗方法。改变生活方式来控制血压包括增加体育活动和减少盐的摄入量。其他生活方式的风险因素也是可以改变的。例如，摄入大量的鱼和水果可以降低中风的风险。
其他研究报告了许多相同的危险因素，但这是首次将发展中国家的低收入和中等收入参与者纳入中风危险研究。研究证实，在发展中国家和发达国家，高血压都是导致中风的主要原因。这突出表明，这些国家的卫生当局有必要制定减少高血压、盐摄入量和其他危险因素的战略。
