School bullying during a pandemic
疫情期间的校园霸凌
Dr Mandy Shaw, Lecturer in Criminology at Leeds Beckett University, explores the bullying of young people in this short, research-based paper intended to support practitioners and inform policymaker thinking, which was written during the early days of the Coronavirus pandemic.
【criminology】/ˌkrɪmɪˈnɒlədʒi/ [uncountable] the scientific study of crime and criminals 犯罪学
【bully】/ˈbʊli/to frighten or hurt a weaker person; to use your strength or power to make sb do sth 恐吓；伤害；胁迫 bullying noun 欺凌，霸凌
【practitioner】/prækˈtɪʃənə(r)/ (specialist) a person who works in a profession, especially medicine or law （尤指医学或法律界的）从业人员
【policymaker】['pɔlisi,meikə] N-COUNT 可数名词（政治）政策制定者，决策人 In politics, policymakers are people who are involved in making policies and policy decisions.
利兹贝克特大学(Leeds Beckett University)犯罪学讲师曼迪·肖(Mandy Shaw)博士在这篇简短的研究论文中探讨了青年受到霸凌的问题。这篇论文写于冠状病毒大流行的早期，旨在为从业者提供支持，并为决策者的思维提供信息。
The problem
霸凌问题
School bullying involves the repeated intent to harm a child or young person, either directly or indirectly. Individuals who bully may participate in anti-social behaviour outside school, may be at increased risk of exclusion and therefore vulnerable to being involved in crime, or their bullying behaviour may be a response to their own victimisation. Children and young people who are victims of school bullying are the focus of behaviour which may be categorised as a criminal offence in other contexts, victims may be absent from school as a coping mechanism and may suffer severe mental health responses.
【participate】/pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt/ ~ (in sth) (“rather” formal) to take part in or become involved in an activity 参加；参与
【exclusion】/ɪkˈskluːʒn/ [uncountable, countable] (BrE) a situation in which a child is banned from attending school because of bad behaviour 开除学籍
【vulnerable】/ˈvʌlnərəbl/ adjective ~ (to sb/sth) weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally （身体上或感情上）脆弱的，易受…伤害的 vulnerability noun
【victimize/victimise】/ˈvɪktɪmaɪz/ [often passive] ~ sb to make sb suffer unfairly because you do not like them, their opinions, or sth that they have done （不正当地）使受害，使受苦 victimisation/ˌvɪktɪmaɪˈzeɪʃn/ noun 受害，受苦
【categorize/categorise】/ˈkætəɡəraɪz/ verb to put people or things into groups according to what type they are 将…分类；把…加以归类 SYN classify
校园霸凌包括反复直接或间接地故意伤害儿童或青年。实施霸凌行为的人可能会在校外参与反社会活动，可能会面临被学校开除学籍的风险，因此很容易卷入犯罪，或者他们的霸凌行为可能是对自己受害的一种回应。作为校园霸凌受害者的儿童和青少年是可能被归类为其他情况下刑事犯罪的行为的焦点。作为应对的方法，受害者可能会旷课，并遭受严重的心理健康反应。
What we know about school bullying and how we know it
我们对校园霸凌的了解以及我们是如何知道的
The most recent annual UK bullying survey found that 22% of young people were bullied between 2018- 2019 (Ditch the Label, 2019), with 15% of those young people being bullied several times a week. This involved verbal bullying, physical assault or cyber-bullying; sometimes all three. Similar statistics were reported in the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) in 2018 and it is estimated that one in five school children are affected by school bullying internationally (Ttofi and Farrington, 2012). Bullying can lead to high levels of anxiety and depression among those who are bullied and, tragically, to suicide. Whilst for victims of bullying, the lockdown may have provided temporary relief from unrelenting victimisation at school, for some, bullying will have continued online.
【verbal】/ˈvɜːbl/ relating to words 文字的；言语的；词语的
【whilst】[hwailst][现主英国英语]=while
【unrelenting】/ˌʌnrɪˈlentɪŋ/ (of an unpleasant situation 令人不快的局面) not stopping or becoming less severe 持续的；不缓和的；势头不减的 SYN relentless
最新的英国年度霸凌调查发现，22%的青年在2018年至2019年间遭受过霸凌(Ditch the Label杂志，2019)，其中15%的青年一周被霸凌数次。这包括言语霸凌、身体攻击或网络霸凌，有时三者兼具。2018年英格兰和威尔士犯罪调查(CSEW)也报告了类似的数据，据估计，国际上有五分之一的学生受到校园霸凌的影响(Ttofi和Farrington, 2012)。霸凌会导致被霸凌者高度焦虑和抑郁，可悲的是，还会引起受霸凌者自杀。对于受欺负的人来说，校园的封锁可能暂缓了他们在校园所受的残酷伤害，但对一些人来说，网络上的欺负行为仍在继续。
What we think might happen in the COVID-19 pandemic
新冠疫情期间，我们认为可能发生的事情
Coughing assault
攻击咳嗽的人
There are reports of Coronavirus coughing assaults during lockdown. This may now be used in incidents of school bullying and can have consequences for perpetrators since it may involve the police, as well as having possible life-threatening consequences for the victim, particularly if the victim has an underlying health condition.
封锁期间，有一些关于新冠病毒咳嗽的攻击的报道。现在这种做法可能会被用于校园霸凌事件中，并可能对施暴者造成后果。因为这可能涉及警察，尤其是，如果受害者有潜在的健康问题，也可能对受害者造成威胁生命的后果。
Online bullying
网络霸凌
Bullying will have continued online during the lockdown for some children and young people and there is anecdotal evidence that levels of online bullying may have been higher than normal, because more time has been spent online. Furthermore, the usual school-based support has not been so readily available. There may therefore be an increase in mental health referrals by some victims during the school return period.
【anecdotal】/ˌænɪkˈdəʊtl/ adjective based on anecdotes and possibly not true or accurate 逸事的；趣闻的；传闻的
【readily】/ˈredɪli/ quickly and without difficulty 快捷地；轻而易举地；便利地
【referral】/rɪˈfɜːrəl/ [uncountable, countable] ~ (to sb/sth) the act of sending sb who needs professional help to a person or place that can provide it 送交，转送（到能提供专门帮助的人或地方那里）
封锁期间，对一些儿童和青年来说，网络霸凌将继续存在。据称，网络霸凌的程度可能比正常情况下要高，因为人们在网上花费了更多的时间。此外，常见的校园支持也不是那么容易得到。因此，在返校期间，一些受害者可能会增加心理健康方面的转诊。
Re-establishment of friendship groups
重建朋友圈
With the relaxation of lockdown, children and young people are starting to re-establish physical contact with friends and this will continue during the return to school period. This will inevitably be a mixed experience, with some groups re-establishing networks easily and new groups developing. After a break from school, a settling in period is normal; however, we are in unprecedented times. Some individuals will be excluded and some will want to re-establish their dominance over their peers; they may wish to regain control after feeling powerless during lockdown, and this may result in conflict. This may be a particular issue for Year 9 in secondary schools, where bullying is often more prevalent than in other school year groups.
【settle】/ˈsetl/ [intransitive, transitive] to become or make sb/sth become calm or relaxed （使）平静下来，安静下来，定下心来
【unprecedented】/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ adj ectivethat has never happened, been done or been known before 前所未有的；空前的；没有先例的
【dominant】/ˈdɒmɪnənt/ more important, powerful or noticeable than other things 首要的；占支配地位的；占优势的；显著的 dominance /ˈdɒmɪnəns/ noun
【regain】/rɪˈɡeɪn/ ~ sth to get back sth you no longer have, especially an ability or a quality 重新获得，恢复（能力或品质等）
【prevalent】['prevələnt] ADJ-GRADED 能被表示程度的副词或介词词组修饰的形容词流行的；盛行的；普遍的 A condition, practice, or belief that is prevalent is common.
随着封锁的放松，儿童和青年开始与朋友恢复肢体接触，而且这将在返校期间继续保持。不可避免地，这将是一种混杂的经历，一些圈子很容易重新建立社交网络，而新的圈子正在建立。休学后，有一个平静时期是正常的; 然而，我们正处于前所未有的时代。有些人会被排除在外，而有些人会想要重新建立对同龄人的统治地位; 封锁期间倍感无力后，他们可能希望重新获得控制权，而这可能会导致冲突。这对于九年级的中学来说可能是一个特别的问题，因为在这个学年群体中，霸凌行为通常比其他学年更普遍。
Location of bullying
霸凌的场所
School bullying is usually unseen by school staff, although it is often seen by other pupils (bystanders). Staff will be more visible during the school return period, because of the need to direct the flow of pupils around school buildings to ensure that a social distance is kept between individuals, and this may reduce the incidence of bullying in some spaces. However, it is possible that this will lead to a concentration of physical bullying in spaces where there is no formal surveillance, such as on school buses and the perimeters of school grounds.
【bystander】/ˈbaɪstændə(r)/ a person who sees sth that is happening but is not involved 旁观者 SYN onlooker
【direct】/dəˈrekt/ [transitive] ~ sb/sth to control or be in charge of sb/sth 管理；监督；指导
【incidence】/ˈɪnsɪdəns/ [countable, usually singular] ~ of sth (formal) the extent to which sth happens or has an effect 发生范围；影响程度；发生率
【concentration】/ˌkɒnsnˈtreɪʃn/ [countable] ~ (of sth) a lot of sth in one place 集中；聚集
【surveillance】/sɜːˈveɪləns/ [uncountable] the act of carefully watching a person suspected of a crime or a place where a crime may be committed （对犯罪嫌疑人或可能发生犯罪的地方的）监视 SYN observation
尽管校园霸凌经常被其他学生(旁观者)看到，但通常学校的工作人员是看不到的。返校期间，工作人员将更加显眼，因为他们需要监督教学楼周围的学生流量，以确保个体间保持社交距离，这可能会在一些空间上减少霸凌的发生率。然而，这可能会导致暴力行为集中在没有正式监管的地方，比如校车和校园周围。
Bullying by victims of domestic abuse
由家庭暴力受害者实施的霸凌
The increased vulnerability of domestic abuse victims has been widely publicised during the lockdown, as well as the vulnerability of children and young people to online child sexual exploitation. School bullying can sometimes be a response to such victimisation in other places or online and may increase in this prolonged period of school return.
【abuse】/əˈbjuːs/ [uncountable, plural] unfair, cruel or violent treatment of sb 虐待
【exploitation】/ˌeksplɔɪˈteɪʃn/ (disapproving) a situation in which sb treats sb else in an unfair way, especially in order to make money from their work 剥削；榨取
【prolong】/prəˈlɒŋ/ ~ sth to make sth last longer 延长 SYN extend
家庭暴力受害者越来越容易受到伤害，儿童和青年也容易在网上遭受虐童行为的伤害，这一点封锁期间被广泛报道。校园霸凌有时是对在其他地方或网上的这种伤害的回应，可能会在延后返校期间增加。
Some ideas in response
以下是我的一些想法
Coughing assault
攻击咳嗽的人
Teachers may want to emphasise that Covid-19 coughing assault is unacceptable, including clear signage. Schools would be advised to plan in advance how they will approach such incidents and work with local police in dealing with it, for example when there are repeat offences. Schools may welcome input from local police representatives as they plan for whole school return in September.
【signage】/ˈsaɪnɪdʒ/ [uncountable] (specialist) signs, especially ones that give instructions or directions to the public （统称）标志，标识，标记
【approach】/əˈprəʊtʃ/ [transitive] ~ sth to start dealing with a problem, task, etc. in a particular way 着手处理；对付
【input】['input] time, knowledge, ideas, etc. that you put into work, a project, etc. in order to make it succeed; the act of putting sth in 投入资源（指时间、知识、思想等）；投入；输入。
老师们可能想要强调，包括明确的标识，针对新冠病毒咳嗽的攻击是不可接受的。学校应提前计划如何处理此类事件，并且，例如有累犯时，学校应与当地警方合作处理。随着学校计划在九月份集体复学，也可以欢迎当地警察代表提出建议。
Online bullying
网络霸凌
Schools should be prepared for an increase in reports of online bullying which have occurred during lockdown, with particular planning around mental health support provision.
校园应该为封锁期间发生的在线霸凌事件的增加做好准备，并针对心理健康支持提供特别计划。
Re-establishment of friendship groups
重建朋友圈
It will be important for the return to school to help pupils re-establish friendship groups in a pro-social way, avoiding conflict. This will be particularly so for secondary schools and Year 8/9 groups. A focus on helping pupils engage with one another in an emotionally intelligentway is important at this time and there are organisations in the UK which deliver excellent interventions in schools using this approach. Publicising whole-school behaviour policies at the outset will be helpful.
【pro-social】[prəu'səuʃəl]adj.亲社会的，忠实(或拘泥)于既定社会道德标准的
【emotionally intelligence】N-UNCOUNT 不可数名词 情商（人际交往和沟通技巧） Emotional intelligence is used to refer to people's interpersonal and communication skills.
【deliver】VERB 动词加，给予打击，打，击；发动(进攻) If someone delivers a blow to someone else, they hit them.
对于复学来说，帮助学生以一种避免冲突的亲社会的方式重建朋友圈很重要。这对中学和八九年级的学生来说尤其重要。在这个时候，关注帮助学生以高情商的方式与他人互动是很重要的，英国有一些组织使用这种方法在校园进行了很好的干预。在一开始就宣传全校的行为规范将会有帮助。
Location of bullying
霸凌的场所
Schools should restate their anti-bullying policies, particularly in schools where there is a specific bullying problem, and ensure that children and young people know the procedure for reporting incidents. If schools do not currently have a clear reporting and recording system, this is a good time to establish one. Giving thought to where physical bullying might concentrate might help to prevent victimisation in these spaces. Local police representatives may be able to advise. Many schools have sent information about online bullying to pupils and parents/carers during lockdown; they should consider re-sending this information in anticipation of a possible surge in bullying in other locations. Local authorities should attend to staff shortages on school buses, to ensure that this space is protected for the safety of the bus drivers and the children and young people.
【restate】/ˌriːˈsteɪt/ ~ sth (formal) to say sth again or in a different way, especially so that it is more clearly or strongly expressed 重申；重新表述
【in anticipation of】期待着…；预计到…
【surge】/sɜːdʒ/ a sudden increase in the amount or number of sth; a large amount of sth （数量的）急剧上升，激增；大量；一大批~ (in sth)
学校应重申其反霸凌政策，特别是在存在特定霸凌问题的学校，并确保儿童和青年知道上报霸凌事件的流程。如果学校目前没有一个明确的上报和记录系统，这是建立一个良好的时机。考虑一下肢体霸凌可能集中的场所，可能有助于预防受害者在这些场所受到伤害。当地警察代表可能会提供建议。许多学校在封锁期间向学生和家长/看护者发送了有关网络霸凌的信息;他们应该考虑重新发送这一信息，以防其他地方的霸凌行为可能的激增。地方当局应该解决校车员工短缺的问题，确保这一空间得到保护，以保障校车司机、儿童和青年的安全。
Bullying by victims of domestic abuse
家庭暴力受害者的霸凌
Schools and the police will need to plan for an increase in reports of abuse at home and online. An increase in the intensity of bullying by an individual with previous bullying history may be a response to victimisation elsewhere in their life and the same may be the case for new perpetrators with no history of bullying behaviour.
学校和警察要为来自家庭和网络虐待报告的增加做准备。之前有过被霸凌历史的人实施霸凌强度的提高，可能是对他们生活中其他地方受霸凌的一种回应，同样的情况也可能发生在没有欺负行为史的新施暴者身上。
本文作者为利兹贝克特大学(Leeds Beckett University)犯罪学讲师曼迪·肖(Mandy Shaw)博士由伦敦大学学院吉尔丹多研究所发行。
所有图片、视频源自网络，侵删。
以上词汇解析来自
21世纪大英汉词典》
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典第九版》
《柯林斯高阶英汉双解词典》
