《如何在美国成为有钱人》经济学人20170202原文链接(版权归原杂志所有)
背景介绍:在大多数一个国家,接受高等教育是改变命运的有效方式。不过,如果接受教育的机会本身已经不均匀地分配到各个阶层,这个社会还可能通过教育来实现阶级流动吗?那么在这种社会怎么样才能成为有钱人呢?
经济学人原文翻译如下
版权声明:文章版权归原杂志和作者所有。翻译仅为英语学习之用。谢绝任何转载及用于任何商业用途。
标题:如何在美国成为有钱人
副标题:进入中上阶层不是不可能。进入顶尖的1%阶层(译者:大概税前家庭年薪45万美元)也是有可能的。
作者:W.Z.
时间:2017年2月2日
AMERICANS are admirably optimistic about shaping their own future. One survey found that nearly three-quarters of Americans thought hard work was a “very important” component of success, while just 62% put it down to a good education and less than a fifth to coming from wealth. But the United States ranks poorly compared to other advanced economies when it comes to income inequality and social mobility. So what must an ambitious young American do to get rich?
翻译:美国人民对于自己的未来规划特别的乐观。一份调查显示:当被问到成功最重要因素时,接近四分之三的美国人回答“努力工作”,与此同时62%的美国人认为是“良好的教育”,少于20%的人认为是“家族财富”。但是,就收入不平等和社会流动性而言,与其他发达国家相比,美国排名十分靠后。所以,一个有抱负的美国年轻人如何才能发家致富?
A new study by Raj Chetty of Stanford University and a collective of other economists helps answer this question. By matching data from the Department of Education with 30m tax returns, Mr Chetty and his colleagues have constructed a data set that reveals to researchers both the income distributions of graduates of particular colleges, and how incomes vary depending on how rich the graduates’ parents were. The data show that attending an elite college is a good way of securing an upper-middle class lifestyle—graduates of Ivy League-calibre universities have roughly the same chance of breaking into the top 20% of the income distribution, regardless of family background. Paths to the upper-middle class exist for those who graduate from lesser-known universities too, since earnings can depend even more on what one studies than where. On average, graduates of lesser-known engineering colleges such as Kettering University and the Stevens Institute of Technology do just as well as those from the Ivy League.
翻译:斯坦福大学的Raj Chetty教授和其他经济学教授的一份共同研究成果给出了答案。通过对比教育部的数据和三千万人的税收数据,Chetty教授和他的同事构建了一个数据库。这个数据库像大家展示了十分有用的信息。它既包括特定学校的毕业生的收入分配,也包括家庭收入程度如何影响毕业生的收入水平。数据显示:毕业于名校是获得中上产阶层生活方式的一种好途径,其中,IVY League(常春藤盟校,哈佛耶鲁普林斯顿等)的毕业生,不论家庭背景如何,都有相同的机会成为收入分布前20%一员(译者:大概家庭税前年收入11万美元)。对于毕业于普通院校的学生而言,进入中上阶级也是有可能的,因为学什么比在哪儿学更重要。总的来说,从普通院校的工程类专业毕业的学生,他们的收入与常春藤盟校毕业生的收入一样好。
But a good education alone cannot propel the merely upper-middle class into the ranks of the rich. Few engineers, nurses or pharmacists make it to the top 1%, which is dominated by bankers and other financiers. Recruiters in the financial industry place high premiums on pedigree. Here the Ivies play an outsize role; products of elite private universities such as Harvard and Yale are much more likely to end up on Wall Street. Moreover, data from Mr Chetty and colleagues show that it helps to start off rich in the first place.
翻译:但是,对于一个位于中上阶层的人而言,一个良好的教育背景不能保证让他进入富人阶层。很少有工程师,护士,药剂师成为顶尖的1%富人。这1%的富人大多是银行家和金融家。金融业在招新的时候特别看重优质的血统。特别是常春藤盟校的毕业生。例如,从常春藤盟校,比如哈佛耶鲁,毕业的学生更可能最后在华尔街工作。此外,Chetty教授的数据还显示家庭出身有助于致富。
This trend is even more pronounced at the very top of the income distribution. Between 1999 and 2004, just 2% of Princetonians came from the families in the lowest 20% of earnings, while 3.2% came from families in the top 0.1%. The admissions process at top colleges is sometimes further skewed by the preferential treatment given to family members of alumni. Of Harvard’s most recently admitted class, 27% had a relative who also went to that “college near Boston” (pictured). That suggests that the simplest way to become extremely rich is by being born to the right parents. The second-easiest way is to find a rich spouse. If neither approach works, you could try to get into a top college—but remember that not all Princetonians become plutocrats.
翻译:这一趋势在位于收入顶端的富人中更加明显。在1999年到2004年,仅仅只有2%的普林斯顿新生来自收入最低的20%群体,但有3.2%的普林斯顿新生来自收入最高的0.1%群体。这些顶级名校在招生的时候,更加偏爱来自校友家庭的学生。在哈佛大学最新的一届新生中,有27%的学生家里有人曾经毕业于哈佛大学。这一切表明了这样一个结果:成为富人最简单的方法是出生在一个好家庭,第二简单的方法是找到一个有钱的配偶。如果这两个办法都不行的话,你也可以努力去名校读书--不过不要忘记:并不是每一个普林斯顿大学大毕业生都成为土豪。
版权声明:文章版权归原杂志和作者所有。翻译仅为英语学习之用。谢绝任何转载及用于任何商业用途。
读后感:想不到正经的《经济学人》也开始不正经的说大实话了。有关于那个成为有钱人的第三个方法-去名校读书-我想说几句。难道文章作者是英国人,所以就不知道美国学费有多贵吗?美国常春藤盟校一年学费4.5万-5.5万美元,加上住宿费和生活费,一年下来起码6万美元。就算是读一个普通一点的州内公立大学,一年学费也要1.5万美元,一年下来花3万美元。美国家庭税前收入中位数是5.5万美元,也就是50%的家庭的税前收入都在5.5万美元以下。所以,有多少年轻人或者多少家庭能付得起这个学费呢?开个玩笑,我认为想通过接受高等教育而实现阶级流动的美国年轻人,可以来我天朝的顶尖名校读书,一年学费1千美元不到。如果中国的清华北大学历在美国不好使的话,也可以再积极攒钱回美国读个名校硕士,最后还是一样可以去华尔街上班,不过省了一半的钱。
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