一、冠词的泛指、特指
泛指是指首次提到的、不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物, 也可以指说话双方心目中所默认的特定的人或事物。冠词的泛指、特指用法归纳如下:
泛指
a/an + 单数名词。如: A(=One)horse is enough.(表数量)
a/an + 单数名词。如: A horse is a large four-legged animal.(强调类别中任何一个的特点)
the + 单数名词。如: I think the most useful animal is the horse.(强调整个类别)
零冠词 + 复数名词或不可数名词。如: Horses are useful animals.(强调类别中的许多个体)
特指:
the + 单数名词/复数名词/不可数名词。
题组训练冠词填空
①Laszlo Biro invented the ballpoint pen.
②The biggest whale is the blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters long—the height of a 9-story building.
二、不定冠词
1. 不定冠词有a, an两种形式, 当紧跟着冠词的第一个音素为辅音音素(注意: 不是辅音字母)时用a; 当紧跟着冠词的第一个音素为元音音素(注意: 不是元音字母)时用an。
a university, a useful animal, a one-eyed dog, a European car, an hour, an honest boy, an X-ray, an ugly man, an honor等。
题组训练冠词填空
③I earn 10 dollars an hour as a supermarket cashier on Saturdays.
④The teacher asked us to write an 800-word-long composition.
2. 表示one, the same或every的意思。
They are of an age.(=the same)他们年龄相同。
I will return in a day or two.(=one)
我将在一两天后回来。
题组训练冠词填空
⑤Christmas is a special holiday when the whole family are supposed to get together.
⑥They are twins, so they are of an age.
3. 含有不定冠词的常考短语
have a cold得了感冒
have a good time玩得高兴
have a gift for有……的天赋
have a word with与……谈话
at a blow一下子
have/take a rest休息一下
have a holiday度假
make a living谋生
get a lift/ride搭便车
go on a diet节食
as a result因此
as a matter of fact事实上
as a rule通常, 照例
after a while一会儿后
in a hurry匆忙地
in a sense在某种意义上
in a word总之
in a moment立刻
once in a while偶尔
at a loss困惑, 不知所措
at a distance离一段距离
for a while暂时, 一时
once upon a time从前
all of a sudden突然
a waste of...……的浪费
a matter of...……的问题
What a pity!真遗憾!
with a score of以……的分数
have a population of有……人口
have a history of有……的历史
have an area of有……的面积
a collection of一批……
a knowledge of(=know)知道
an understanding of(=understand)懂得
注意: 通常成对出现的名词(被视为一套或一体), 一般只用一个不定冠词。如: a knife and fork一副刀叉。
题组训练冠词填空
⑦I don't want to have words with you. I prefer to have a word with you.
⑧The power supply was cut off. All of a sudden, the lights went out.
⑨China has a far larger population than Canada.
⑩The quality of the ambulance service is a matter of life and death.
三、定冠词
1. 用在表示特指的人或物的名词前。
The book on the desk is mine.
书桌上的那本书是我的。
Would you mind turning down the radio a little?The baby is sleeping.
你介意把收音机音量调小点吗?那个宝宝在睡觉。
2. 用在姓氏复数前, 表一家人或夫妇二人。
The Greens are at table.
格林一家在吃饭。
The Chens are going to move to Langfang.
姓陈的一家要搬到廊坊去。
3. 用在年代、朝代名词及逢十的数词(表某个年代)前或用在表示方位的名词前。
the Tang Dynasty唐朝;
the Spring and Autumn Period春秋时期;
in the 1990's/1990s在20世纪90年代;
the south南方/部
4. 用在表度量单位的名词前, 表示“每一”。如by the hour/day/week/month/year/dozen/yard/ton/kilo, 但是size/weight/time这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。
We got paid by the month.
我们按月计酬。
Meat is sold by weight.
肉按重量出售。
5.“the + 形容词或分词”有时也可表类指。
the wounded 伤员
the dying垂死之人
the unknown未知的事物
the deaf聋子
the young青年人
the old老人
the living 生者
the dead死者
6.“动词 + sb. + 介词 + the + 身体某一部位”结构中的the不可用物主代词代替。
take sb. by the arm抓某人的胳膊
An apple fell from the tree and hit him on the head.
一个苹果从树上落下, 砸在了他的头上。
此外, 在be red in the face(脸红), be lame in the right leg(右腿瘸), be blind in the left eye(左眼瞎)等结构中, 名词前也要用the。
7. 用在某些固定结构中。
in the end最后, 终于
in the daytime在白天
in the habit of习惯于
make the most/best of充分利用
in the distance在远处
in the way挡路
on the whole总之
on the right/left在右/左面
at the same time同时
at the moment此刻
for the time being暂时
in the public eye 广为人知的
go to the doctor's去看医生
by the way顺便说, 附带地说说
the other day(=a few days ago)几天前
on the radio/phone通过无线电/电话
on the spot在场, 到场, 立即, 马上, 当场
to tell(you)the truth说实话, 老实说
go to the cinema去看电影
not in the least(=not at all)一点也不
on the one hand..., on the other hand... 一方面……, 另一方面……
for the most part通常, 多半
四、零冠词
1. 不可数名词、复数名词表泛指, 用零冠词。
My father went to his doctor for advice about his heart trouble.
我父亲去了医生那里寻求关于他的心脏病的建议。
2. 名词前已有this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any等指示代词、形容词性物主代词、限定词以及名词所有格等限定时不再用冠词。
She is not my type of woman.
她不是我心目中的那类女人。
His heart was beating wildly with fear.
他的心因害怕而狂跳不已。
He went to some place in France.
他到法国某地去了。
Each student must hand in his exercise book.
每个学生必须上交作业本。
3. 零冠词的用法口诀
月、季、星期、节假、洲,
称呼、头衔、职务前;
三餐、球类、惯用语;
学科、棋类名词前。
A year can be divided into four seasons—spring, summer, autumn and winter.
一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。
He has no lessons on Sundays. 他周日没有课。
Mr. Li is chairman of the meeting.
李先生是本次会议的主席。
(注: 表示称呼、头衔的名词作表语、同位语、补足语时用零冠词)
但以上用法是相对而言的, 在不同的句子中, 可能会用到不定冠词或定冠词。因此, 用哪种冠词要视情况而定。
Autumn is the harvest season.
秋季是收获的季节。
The organization was founded in the spring of(the year)2010.
这个组织是在2010年春天成立的。
4. 高考中常见的纯不可数名词, 它们是: baggage, luggage, furniture, health, weather, fun, space(太空), advice, word(=news), progress, information, news, luck, wealth(财产)等。以上不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用。
Beyond the stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space.
除了星星, 那个宇航员只看见太空, 看不到别的东西。
5. 系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语, 用零冠词。
Has he turned scientist?他成为科学家了吗?
6.“零冠词 + 单数名词 + as/though + 主语 + 谓语 + 主句”, 意为“虽然/尽管……, 但是……”。
Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.
虽然他是英雄, 但他也有一些缺点。
五、冠词的活用
1. man作“男人, 人”讲, word作“字, 词, 话”讲时, 这两个词为普通名词, 根据需要可与相应的不定冠词或定冠词连用; 但man作“人类”, word作“消息, 信息”讲时, 需与零冠词连用。
For a long time they walked without saying a word. Jim was the first to break the silence.
他们走了好长时间, 一言不发, 是吉姆首先打破了这阵沉默。
Word came that I was needed at home.
有消息说家里需要我。
Man can conquer nature. 人定胜天。
He is a difficult man to deal with. 他是一个很难相处的人。
2. 有无冠词的短语的区别
in case of/in case 以防(万一)
in the case of 就……而言
in front of 在……(外部)的前面
in the front of 在……(内部)的前面
sit at table 吃饭
sit at the table 坐在桌旁(不一定是吃饭)
by day 在白天
by the day 按天计算
take place 发生
take the place of 代替
in possession of sth. 拥有某物
in the possession of sb. 为某人所拥有
in sight of 能看到
in the sight of 在……看来
in place of 代替
in the place of 在……的地方
in future 今后
in the future 将来
take advice 征求意见
take the advice 听从劝告
He is still in office. 他仍在执政。
He is still in the office. 他仍在办公室里。
She is in class. 她在上课。
She is in the class. 她在那个班里。
There is still some food in store. 食物尚有储存。
There is still some food in the store. 那个仓库里还有些食物。
It is out of question. 那是毫无疑问的。(相当于beyond question)
It is out of the question. 那是不可能的。(相当于impossible)
He is in charge of the factory. 他负责这个工厂。
The factory is in the charge of him. 这个工厂由他负责。
