3_Basic AnatomicalTerms I_6min

Welcome back toAnatomyX.

欢迎回到肌肉骨骼解剖学X。

In this sessionyou'll be learning some of the basic vocabulary terms that you will need tounderstand the cases.

在本次课程中，你将学习一些理解案例所需的基础术语。

It's good to learnthese terms before you go to the clinics so that when you're in the clinicsyou'll be able to just concentrate on the orthopedic surgeons and the patients.

在进入诊所之前掌握这些术语的益处有很多，能让你更专注于骨科医生和患者本身。

For each of thelearning sessions, except the first one,

从第二节课开始，

we will have aseries of objectives.

每节课我们都会设定一系列目标。

Because this isactive learning and very much about you and the skills that you're acquiringand learning, the objectives will take the form of things that we think youshould be able to do.

因为涉及到主动学习，焦点在于你和你要学习掌握的技能，这些目标将以我们认为你能够完成的任务形式出现。

So we think ofteaching as equipping you with things that you need.

我们认为教学的目的是为你提供必要的工具。

And so theobjectives are things that you'll be able to do,

因此这些目标将是你能够“做到”的事情

not so muchunderstand or know, but explain, move, do a particular motion, move aparticular joint.

不仅仅是理解或知道，而是能够解释、移动、做出特定动作或让特定关节动起来。

The fiveobjectives for this session will be to describe three useful basic positions

本节课的五个目标如下：

for the humanbody, one of which you will almost never see anyone assume.

第一，描述三种实用的人体基本姿势，其中一种姿势，几乎不曾有人使用呢。

The second wouldbe to describe or explain three views for looking at the human body.

第二，描述或解释观察人体的三种视角。

The third would beto begin to use anatomical terms to describe locations and relationships.

第三，开始使用解剖学术语来描述方位关系。

To begin to usethe correct anatomical terms for different regions of the body.

第四，开始使用正确的解剖学术语来描述人体的不同区域。

And here's wherethere may be some surprises.

在这里你可能会感到一些意外。

So what you thinkof as the arm may not actually turn out to be the arm.

例如，你所谓的 “手臂”可能不是解剖学意义上的手臂；

And what you'vealways thought of as the leg may turn out to be something that you didn't thinkwas the leg.

你眼中的“腿”也可能会是你未曾想过的部位。

And so theordinary language terms that we—

所以普通术语中——

And those are thetwo most glaring examples.

这是两个最明显的例子。

The ordinarylanguage terms that we often use are not usually precise enough for anatomicaldescriptions.

我们日常使用的普通术语通常不够精确，无法满足解剖学描述的需要。

And then finally,we'll describe three anatomical planes for seeing into deeper structures.

最后，第五，描述三种用于了解人体深层结构的解剖平面。

These anatomicalplanes will be used mostly when we look at CT sections or radiographic imagesof the bodies.

这些解剖平面将会在我们查看CT片或放射影像时被大量使用。

So when we're actually looking beneath the skin, these willbe planes that we can divide the body into.

因此，当我们深入观察皮肤下的内部结构时，这些平面将帮助我们对人体进行划分。

So let's startwith standard anatomical position, which is a position that I would be verysurprised if you'd actually seen anyone in today.

那么让我们从标准的解剖学姿势开始。如果你告诉我，你真的见到过有人用这个姿势站着的话，我会非常惊讶。

So right now, athome, if you wouldn't mind, stand in standard anatomical position.

所以现在，如果你不介意的话，请试试看用标准的解剖学姿势站着。

So face forward,palms of the hands forward, feet flat on the floor.

面向前方，掌心向前，双脚踩平在地面上。

This is standardanatomical position.

这就是标准解剖学姿势。

Have you seenanyone else standing in this position all day long?

你有见过任何人整天是用这个姿势站着的吗？

I'm betting not.

我敢说没有。

This is a positionthat all anatomical descriptions begin from,

这个姿势是所有解剖学描述的起点，

even though no oneever stands in it.

即使没有人是这样站的。

So if you'retaking this course in a reclining position, lying on your back and using thecomputer, that position is supine.

如果你现在是躺着听课，仰面躺着使用电脑，这个姿势称为仰卧位。

So supine is whenyou are lying face upwards.

所以仰卧位指的是你面朝上方的躺姿。

The opposite ofsupine is prone, which would mean you were lying face downwards and would beextremely difficult to do the course.

和仰卧位相对的是俯卧位，也就是面朝下方的躺姿，如果你这样躺着的话会很难上课。

So standardanatomical position, head forward, palms forward, feet flat on the floor, aposition we never stand in, much less with no clothes on.

所以，标准解剖学姿势是头和掌心面向前，双脚平放在地面上。我们从不用这个姿势站着，更不用说赤身裸体的站着了。

And supine islying on your back, face up.

仰卧位是仰躺，面朝上。

Prone is lying onyour stomach, face down.

俯卧位是趴着，面朝下。

So those are thethree anatomical positions.

这就是三种解剖学姿势。

Positions aredifferent from aspects.

姿势与视角不同。

So aspect, Ithink, is a term from architecture.

所以视角这个术语，我认为，源自建筑学。

And that is theview.

指的是观察的角度。

That is how you'relooking at the patient.

也就是你看待病人的角度。

So if we'relooking at the patient from the front,

所以如果我们从前面观察病人，

that's theanterior aspect of the body.

那就是身体的前方位。

If we're lookingat the patient from the back,

如果我们从后面观察病人，

that's theposterior surface of the body, the whole thing, not just what you're thinkingof as the posterior.

那就是身体的后方位，此处指的是整个身体的背部表面，而不仅仅是你所想的后背位置。

And then thelateral aspect is looking at the body from the side.

然后侧方位是指从侧面观察身体。

So again, theseare three ways of looking at the body.

所以这就是三种观察人体的方式。

And at thebeginning of any anatomical description,

在开始进行任何解剖学描述时，

it's important toknow which of those you're looking at.

知道你采用的是哪一种观察方式是非常重要的。

The next sets ofterms will be terms that we use for reference,

接下来要讲解的是一组我们用来定位的术语，

so either tolocate something exactly or to locate something

这些术语要么用来精准定位某个部位，

in relation tosomething else again.

要么用于确定某个部位与其他部位之间的关系。

The first set ofterms are superficial and deep.

第一组术语是表层和深层。

So a superficialstructure is one that's closer to the surface of the body.

所以表层结构是指更靠近身体表面的结构，

A deep structureis something that's farther away from the surface of the body.

深层结构则是指远离身体表面的结构。

So the mostsuperficial structure that you can probably see right now is the skin.

因此你现在可以看到的，最表层的结构就是皮肤。

Bones would bedeeper.

骨头则在更深层。

And you would notbe able to see them.

你没有办法看到它们。

Superior,inferior, again assume that we're in standard anatomical position or somethinglike that.

至于“上方”和“下方”，现在再次假设我们处于标准解剖学姿势或相似姿势。

So the termsuperior means closer to the head.

上方是指更接近头部的位置。

And the terminferior means closer to the feet.

而下方是指更接近脚部的位置。

So let's take abrief quiz question.

那么让我们来做一个简短的测试题。

So in thisdiagram, we would say that, true or false, the head is superior to the neck.

根据这个图例中，做出正确还是错误的判断：我们可以说头部在颈部的上方吗？

4_Basic Anatomical Terms II_2min

True, and we would say, for example, that the feet areinferior to the head.

正确。并且我们可以说，例如，脚部在头部的下方。

So superior means closer tothe head.

因此，上方是指更靠近头部。

And inferior means closer tothe feet.

而下方是指更靠近脚部。

Now imagine a line rightdown the center of your body, a midline.

现在，想象有一条直线从你身体正中穿过，即一条“中线”。

And the term medial willmean closer to that midline.

术语“内侧”意味着更靠近那条中线。

So if we have a midlineright down the center of your body

所以，如果我们身体中央有一条中线，

the term medial will meancloser to that midline.

内侧就指离中线更近。

And the term lateral will befarther away from the midline.

而术语“外侧”是指离中线更远。

So, for example, your handis lateral to your chest.

因此，举例来说，你的手相对于你的胸腔位于外侧。

And your abdomen is medialto your shoulder.

你的腹部相对肩膀位于内侧。

So your heart would bemedial to your shoulders.

而你的心脏位于肩膀的内侧。

And your shoulders would be

lateral to your heart.。

你的肩膀则位于心脏的外侧。

The next terms are a littlemore difficult.

接下来的术语稍微复杂一些。

And those terms are proximaland distal.

这两个术语是“近端”和“远端”。

So take, instead the midlinethis time as your central reference point, this time it will be the heartitself.

所以这次，我们不拿中线作对照，而以心脏本身作为你的中心参照点

So proximal means closer tothe heart.

所以近端意味着离心脏更近。

And distal means fartheraway from the heart.

远端意味着离心脏更远。

These terms work best in thelimbs where we have something that's actually closer to the body and a partthat's farther away from the body.

这两个术语在四肢上的使用效果最好，因为我们的四肢的确有明显离躯干更近和更远的部分。

But they can be used even inthe head and neck.

但它们也可以用在头部和颈部。

In thehead and neck, distal would actually be the top of the head.

在头部和颈部，远端实际上是头顶。

And proximal would be thelower part of the head.

近端则是头的下半部分。

Because it's closer to theheart.

因为它更接近心脏。

So, again, what these termsmean is closer to the heart proximal,

所以，再次强调，更靠近心脏的是近端，

and farther from the heartdistal.

更远离心脏的是远端。

5_Basic AnatomicalTerms III_3

We will need to use more precise terms now,

现在我们需要使用更精确的术语。

not only for how things are located relative to one another,

不仅用于描述身体结构之间的相对位置，

but for the actual body regions as well.

还用于描述实际的身体部位。

So some of these will line up with ordinary usage.

其中一些术语会符合日常用法。

And others will not.

而其他一些则不然。

So the head is the head.

所以头部就是头。

The neck is the neck.

颈部就是脖子。

The chest is the chest.

胸腔就是胸，

But it's also the thorax.

或者说胸腔。

The abdomen is between the thorax and the pelvis, which is the lower partof the abdomen.

腹部位于胸腔和骨盆中间，而骨盆在腹部的下方。

In the limbs, in addition to learning the new terms proximal and distal,

在四肢中，除了学习过的新术语“近端”和“远端”之外，

it's also important to remember that this structure is the upper limb.

还要记住这个结构是上肢。

And this structure is the arm.

这个结构是上臂。

This is the forearm.

这是前臂。

And this is the hand.

这是手部。

And in the lower limb the entire thing from hip to feet is the lowerlimb.

而在下肢中，从臀部到脚的整个部分都是下肢。

The leg is what you're use to thinking of as the calf.

小腿是你习以为常的“胫部”。

So only the segment between the knee and the ankle will be the leg.

所以只有从膝盖到脚踝之间的部分才是小腿。

The part above that, proximal to that, will be the thigh.

在那之上，位于近端的，是大腿。

So this is the upper limb the arm and the forearm.

所以这是上肢，即上臂和前臂。

The lower limb, the thigh and the leg.

这是下肢，即大腿和小腿。

And then the last set of basic vocabulary terms that you need to know isthe terms for the planes.

然后，你需要学习的最后一组基本术语是平面术语。

So the anatomical planes will divide the body into different sections.

解剖平面会将身体划分为不同的部分。

So first for a sagittal plane imagine an imaginary sheet of glassdividing the body into right and left halves.

首先，对于“矢状面”，请想象一块虚拟的玻璃板将身体分成左右两半。

So a mid sagittal plane would come right down the center of the bodydividing it into right and left halves.

所以，一个正中矢状面会从身体中央穿过，将身体分为左右两个部分。

A coronal plane would be orthogonal to that, at right angles to that,

“冠状面”则会与矢状面垂直，成一个直角。

and would divide the body into front and back halves, anterior sectionand a posterior section.

并将身体分为前后两半，即前侧部分和后侧部分。

So sagittal is right and left.

所以矢状面是分成左右。

Coronal is anterior and posterior, or the front and the back.

冠状面是分为前后，或前侧和后侧。

So those are at right angles to one another.

因此它们互成直角。

And then the last plane will be at right angles toboth of those.

然后最后一个平面将与这两个平面都垂直。

And that's an axial plane.

那就是“水平面”。

Axial planes will divide the body into cross sectionsat right angles to the sagittal and coronal plane.

水平面会将身体划分为与矢状面和冠状面都成直角的横截面。