Disability  n.

一、释义

1.   英文释义

1）The inability to perform some function; esp., the inability of one person to alter a given relation with another person.

2)  An objectively measurable condition of impairment, physical or mental, esp. one that prevents a person from engaging in meaningful work< his disability entitle him to workers'-compensation benefits.>     =handicap; incapacity

"An important distinction must be made between the word impairment and the word disability. [in the field of Social Security,] an impairment only refers to the type of medical problems a person has. Two people might have exactly the same impairment, yet only one of them qualify for disability.

Disability is a legal term, meaning that someone cannot engage in meaningful work with the impairment that he has."  David A. Morton III, Medical Proof of Social Security Disability 2(1983)

"The Supreme Court has cautioned that [the Americans with Disability Act] requires that disabilities be evaluated 'with respect to an individual' and must be determined based on whether an impairment substantially limits the 'major life activities of such individual.' The Court conceded that ' some impairments may invariably cause a substantial limitation of a major life activity.' but '[t]he determination of whether an individual has a disability is not necessary based on the name or diagnosis of the impairment the person has, but rather on the effect of that impairment on the life of the individual.'"   Harold S. Lewis Jr. Elizabeth J. Norman, Employment Discrimination Law an Practice 485-86 (2001).

3)  Incapacity in the eyes of the law <most of a minor's disabilities are removed when he or she turns 18>.   =incapacity

2.  中文释义

1）  无能力、无资格

指在法律上缺乏实施行为或享有某些利益的能力，诸如无能力提起诉讼、缔结婚姻或转让财产。

与其相对应的概念是豁免【 immunity】。它可以分为一般无能力【general disability】与特殊无能力【special disability】，前者指缺乏从事所有行为的能力，精神病人或未成年人即为殊例，其不能缔约或转让财产；后者是指缺乏从事特定行为的能力或暂时无能力，如某人无权签订某一种类的合同。

2） 残疾；伤残

劳工赔偿法上的伤残条件：

（1）实际上无法从事雇佣工作并由此而失去工资  ；（2） 身体受到损害

制定法上的伤残定义：

（1）发生医学上可确定的肉体或精神损害，该损害将导致死亡或在很长时期活不确定期间内持续存在；

（2） 缺乏从事任何可获得实质性收入的雇佣工作的能力

（3） 该无能力系由前述损害所致。

二、词组精选

personal disability   本人无行为能力

A disability that applies only to an individual, such as infancy or incompetency.

仅适用于特定个人--如婴儿、破产人等--的无行为能力，不适用于其后代或继承人。

absolute disability   绝对无能力    =perpetual disability

A disability that attaches to a person and to that person's successors and descendants.

Examples of absolute disabilities include outlawry and treason.

除使当事人本人无能力外，尚及于其后代或继承人。

legal disability    无行为能力

A court-determined lack of capacity to act for oneself in management or administering financial affairs, usu. because the person is a minor or has a mental impairment.

通常指无订约能力、未成年、精神失常等情况。此时行为人从事的行为对其无约束力，法律以之为无效或可撤销。无行为能力是与当事人自身有关，而不与诉因【cause of action】有关的一种真实状态。无诉讼行为能力的存在，必须是该人有诉讼权利，但又缺乏诉讼能力。

partial disability   局部伤残

A worker's inability to perform all the duties that he or she could do before an accident or illness, even though the worker can still engage in some gainful activity on the job.

permanent disability   终身伤残；永久丧失谋生能力

A disability that will indefinitely prevent a worker from performing some or all of the duties that he or she could do before an accident or illness. 

在伤残保险与赔偿中，指被保险人非暂时性的，至少可推定为永久性的损害或丧失谋生能力。

temporary disability  暂时丧失工作能力

A disability that exists until an injured worker is as far restored as the nature of the injury will permit.

包括因受伤或疾病部分或全部丧失工作能力的治疗期和工作期。

civil disability  褫夺【读作”chǐ duó“，意思是 依法剥夺】公权

The condition of a person who has had a legal right or privilege revoked as a result of a criminal conviction, as when a person's driver's license is revoked after a DWI conviction. 

对于罪犯除了判刑外，还可以在其服刑期间或释放后剥夺其某些权力，包括选举权、担任公职权、获得工作和职业许可证的权利、保险权以及获得救济金的权利等。

(来源：Black's Law Dictionary，《元照英美法词典》，《英汉法律用语词典》）