1、地图的基本要素（地图三要素）
⑴比例尺
①概念：图上距离与实际距离之比
②表现形式：数字式、文字式、 线段式
⑵方向的判读：
①一般地图：面向地图上北下南、左西右东
②有指向标的地图：根据指向标定方向，指向标箭头一般指向北方
③有经纬网的地图：根据经纬网定方向，经线指示南北方向，纬线指示东西方向
⑶图例和注记
①图例：用来表示地理事物的各种符号。
②注记：用来说明地理事物名称的文字或用说明地理事物数量的数字，称之为地图的“语言”。
③常用图例：[if !vml]
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2、从地图上获取信息
⑴地图常见种类：导游图、交通图、政区图
⑵比例尺大小与地图范围、详略的对应关系：
大比例尺表示的范围小，表示内容详细。
小比例尺表示的范围大，表示内容省略。
在图幅一样大的情况下，选取的比例尺越大，反映的实地范围越小，反映的地理信息就越详细；反之亦然。
导游图：
引导标识特性：
人文性：游客在景区的什么地方，离下一个景点有多少距离，公共服务在什么方位等等。
唯一性：该景区的特色是什么，主题文化是什么，应该牢牢抓住和体现景区的主题特色。
美观性：它应该是景观的一部分，和周边的环境和谐搭配，相互辉映。
关怀性：前方或周边环境有什么需要特别注意的？小心路窄、路滑，等等，给游客以温馨提醒。扩展资料
导游图有大有小，可以是对某一个景点的介绍，也可以是对某一个省的景点的整体介绍，以《上海市导游图》为例，它是专为来上海观光旅游的外地游客和境外旅游者设计的手绘导游图，标示了约140处重要景点。
交通图：交通地图属于专题性地图，是重点反映各地交通状况的地图。包括:①交通路线图，有铁路、公路、大道、内河航线、海洋航线、航空线等。②交通需求与保证程度图，按交通便利程度分区，一般以接近铁路(或公路)距离为指标表示;③运输量图，表示客、货运量的大小。分为综合性交通图与单要素交通图。如世界交通图、中国交通图、铁路交通图、公路交通图等。
政区图：是指一个国家行政管理的区域组织系统。国家为了行政管理的方便,有效地控制各个地域,通常在其所辖的领土范围内按照自然地理的条件、政治经济的状况、民族和人口的分布、历史的传统以及军事的需要,把全国划分为不同级次的若干行政区,这种划分叫做行政区划。根据《中华人民共和国宪法》的规定，我国现阶段的行政区划主要是在中央政府之下实行省、县两级制；美国主要是州、县或市；苏联主要是州、区；法国主要是省、区或县；英国主要是郡、县。
当有：[if !vml]
[endif]时，应该用这个判断方向。当有：[if !vml]
[endif]时，应用经纬线判断方向。
以下为地图标记：
[if !vml]
[endif]
标准地图：[if !vml]
[endif]
Get information from maps
⑴Common types of maps: tourist maps,traffic maps, political maps
⑵The corresponding relationship betweenthe scale size and the map scope and detail:
Large scale indicates a small range,indicating detailed content.
A small scale indicates a large range,indicating that the content is omitted.
In the case of the same size map, thelarger the selected scale, the smaller the field scope, and the more detailedthe geographic information. And vice versa.
Tourist map:
Guide logo features:
Humanity: where are the tourists in thescenic spot, how far is it from the next scenic spot, where are the publicservices, etc.
Uniqueness: What are the characteristics ofthe scenic spot and what is the theme culture? The theme characteristics of thescenic spot should be firmly grasped and reflected.
Aesthetics: It should be a part of thelandscape, harmoniously matched with the surrounding environment, and reflecteach other.
Caring: What needs special attention in thefront or surrounding environment? Be careful of narrow roads, slippery roads,etc., to give tourists a warm reminder. Extended information
Tourist maps are large and small, which canbe an introduction to a scenic spot or an overall introduction to scenic spotsin a certain province. Take "Shanghai Tourist Map" as an example, itis a hand-drawn tourist map designed for foreign tourists and overseas touristswho come to Shanghai for sightseeing, indicating about 140 important scenicspots.
Traffic map: Traffic map belongs to thethematic map, is the focus of reflecting the local traffic conditions of themap. Including :① traffic roadmap, railways, highways, roads, inland waterways,ocean routes, air lines, etc. (2) Traffic demand and guarantee degree map,divided by the degree of transportation convenience, generally expressed by thedistance to the railway (or highway); (3) Transport volume map, representingthe size of passenger and freight volume. It is divided into comprehensivetraffic map and single element traffic map. Such as world traffic map, Chinatraffic map, railway traffic map, highway traffic map, etc.
Regional map: refers to the system of regional
organizations for the administration of a country. Countries for administrative
convenience, effectively control the various regions, usually in the territory
within the scope of their jurisdiction in accordance with the natural
geographical conditions, political and economic situation, national and
population distribution, history tradition and the needs of the military, a
number of administrative region of the country is divided into different
grades, it is called administrative divisions. According to the Constitution of
the People's Republic of China, the administrative division of China is mainly
divided into provinces and counties under the central government. The United
States is primarily a state, county, or city; The Soviet Union is mainly
prefectures and districts; France is mainly a province, district o
