公平锁是指多个线程在等待同一个锁时，必须按照申请锁的先后顺序来一次获得锁。
优点
- 公平锁的好处是等待锁的线程不会饿死，但是整体效率相对低一些；
- 非公平锁的好处是整体效率相对高一些，但是有些线程可能会饿死或者说很早就在等待锁，但要等很久才会获得锁。
公平锁与非公平锁的效率对比分析
- 公平锁是严格按照请求所的顺序来排队获得锁的;
-
非公平锁时可以抢占的，即如果在某个时刻有线程需要获取锁，而这个时候刚好锁可用，那么这个线程会直接抢占，而这时阻塞在等待队列的线程则不会被唤醒。
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源码分析
1.java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer#acquire
AQS的获取锁模式不区分公平和非公平,而是通过acquireQueued方法的tryAcquire调用来区别公平和非公平
/**
* Acquires in exclusive mode, ignoring interrupts. Implemented
* by invoking at least once {@link #tryAcquire},
* returning on success. Otherwise the thread is queued, possibly
* repeatedly blocking and unblocking, invoking {@link
* #tryAcquire} until success. This method can be used
* to implement method {@link Lock#lock}.
*
* @param arg the acquire argument. This value is conveyed to
* {@link #tryAcquire} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
* can represent anything you like.
*/
public final void acquire(int arg) {
if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
selfInterrupt();
}
/**
* Acquires in exclusive uninterruptible mode for thread already in
* queue. Used by condition wait methods as well as acquire.
*
* @param node the node
* @param arg the acquire argument
* @return {@code true} if interrupted while waiting
*/
final boolean acquireQueued(final Node node, int arg) {
boolean failed = true;
try {
boolean interrupted = false;
for (;;) {
final Node p = node.predecessor();
if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
setHead(node);
p.next = null; // help GC
failed = false;
return interrupted;
}
if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
parkAndCheckInterrupt())
interrupted = true;
}
} finally {
if (failed)
cancelAcquire(node);
}
}
2.公平锁的实现
/**
* Sync object for fair locks
*/
static final class FairSync extends Sync {
private static final long serialVersionUID = -3000897897090466540L;
final void lock() {
acquire(1);
}
/**
* Fair version of tryAcquire. Don't grant access unless
* recursive call or no waiters or is first.
*/
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
int c = getState();
if (c == 0) {
if (!hasQueuedPredecessors() &&
compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
return true;
}
}
else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
int nextc = c + acquires;
if (nextc < 0)
throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
setState(nextc);
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
3.非公平锁的实现
/**
* Sync object for non-fair locks
*/
static final class NonfairSync extends Sync {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 7316153563782823691L;
/**
* Performs lock. Try immediate barge, backing up to normal
* acquire on failure.
*/
final void lock() {
if (compareAndSetState(0, 1))
setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread.currentThread());
else
acquire(1);
}
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
return nonfairTryAcquire(acquires);
}
}
/**
* Performs non-fair tryLock. tryAcquire is implemented in
* subclasses, but both need nonfair try for trylock method.
*/
final boolean nonfairTryAcquire(int acquires) {
final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
int c = getState();
if (c == 0) {
if (compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
return true;
}
}
else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
int nextc = c + acquires;
if (nextc < 0) // overflow
throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
setState(nextc);
return true;
}
return false;
}
结论:
- 非公平锁的优势在于,可以抢占式获取锁,有一定概率无需进入队列自旋;
- 公平锁一定会进入队列自旋获取锁;
- 从源码看,公平锁和非公平锁进入队列自旋的效率差不多,公平锁多了一个队列是不是轮到自己或空的判断,其他和非公平锁一致。从代码的设计上看，确实非公平锁会有优势。
惊群效应问题的解决
在使用wait/notify/notifyAll时，唤醒线程都是使用notifyAll来唤醒线程，因为notify无法唤醒指定线程，从而可能导致死锁。但使用notifyAll也有一个问题，那就是当大量线程来获取锁时，就会产生惊群效应，大量的竞争必然造成资源的剧增和浪费，因此终究只能有一个线程竞争成功，其他线程还是要老老实实的回去等待。而AQS的FIFO的等待队列给解决在锁竞争方面的惊群效应问题提供了一个思路：保持一个FIFO队列，队列每个节点只关心其前一个节点的状态，线程唤醒也只唤醒队头等待线程
/**
* Releases in exclusive mode. Implemented by unblocking one or
* more threads if {@link #tryRelease} returns true.
* This method can be used to implement method {@link Lock#unlock}.
*
* @param arg the release argument. This value is conveyed to
* {@link #tryRelease} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
* can represent anything you like.
* @return the value returned from {@link #tryRelease}
*/
public final boolean release(int arg) {
if (tryRelease(arg)) {
Node h = head;
if (h != null && h.waitStatus != 0)
unparkSuccessor(h);
return true;
}
return false;
}
/**
* Wakes up node's successor, if one exists.
*
* @param node the node
*/
private void unparkSuccessor(Node node) {
/*
* If status is negative (i.e., possibly needing signal) try
* to clear in anticipation of signalling. It is OK if this
* fails or if status is changed by waiting thread.
*/
int ws = node.waitStatus;
if (ws < 0)
compareAndSetWaitStatus(node, ws, 0);
/*
* Thread to unpark is held in successor, which is normally
* just the next node. But if cancelled or apparently null,
* traverse backwards from tail to find the actual
* non-cancelled successor.
*/
Node s = node.next;
if (s == null || s.waitStatus > 0) {
s = null;
for (Node t = tail; t != null && t != node; t = t.prev)
if (t.waitStatus <= 0)
s = t;
}
if (s != null)
LockSupport.unpark(s.thread);
}
