TE20170114/LeadersP9/Lifelong learning
p.s. 编撰规则请阅读我的文集“经济学人”之《经济学人笔记》食用说明；也希望大家能多提意见，自远会及时改进/手动感谢
p.p.s.本篇选文个别生词与经济学人笔记#001相同的，并未在该篇笔记中重复列出；正在考虑是①链接前文还是②重复列出（这样照顾了首次阅读笔记的人，但干扰了连续关注者的体验）
Practicalities [ˌpræktɪˈkælətɪz] n.实践性( practicality的名词复数 )
1.It is easy to say that people need to keep learning throughout their careers. The practicalities are daunting
2.Decisions about your children should be based on the practicalities of everyday life.有关孩子们的决定，应该从日常生活的实际情况出发。
3.He would use the blue parking sticker only when practicalities required it.他只有在绝对必要的情况下才会求助.
Insight [ˈɪnsaɪt] n.洞悉;深刻见解
1.That fundamental insight seized reformers in the Industrial Revolution, heralding state-funded universal schooling （普及教育）.
2.I hope that this talk has given you some insight into the kind of the work that we've been doing.希望这次谈话能使你对我们正在开展的工作有一些较深入的了解。
3.He got his first insight into how inhumane([ˌɪnhju:ˈmeɪn]adj.不人道的) employers can be.他对雇主的冷酷无情第一次有了深刻认识
Seized ['si:zd] v.抓住，把握(机会)( seize的过去式和过去分词 )
1.That fundamental insight seized reformers in the Industrial Revolution, heralding state-funded universal schooling.
2.The government now hopes to seize the initiative on education.如今政府希望抓住教育上的主动权。
3.Newspapers seized on the results as proof that global warming wasn't really happening.各报纸纷纷以此结果为证据来证明全球变暖并没有真正发生。
Reformers [rɪ'fɔ:məz] n.改革者( reformer的名词复数 )；
1.That fundamental insight seized reformers in the Industrial Revolution, heralding state-funded universal schooling.
2.I think the reformers have at times oversold the reforms.我认为改革者有时过分吹嘘了改革的好处。
3.British history of the 19th century is peopled by energetic ([ˌenəˈdʒetik] ) reformers.19世纪英国史上积极改革者层出不穷。
Heralding [ˈherəldɪŋ] v.预告;预示…的来临( herald的现在分词 )；
1.That fundamental insight seized reformers in the Industrial Revolution, heralding state-funded universal schooling.
2.And really that's heralding the beginning of the end.这真的预示着结尾的开始.
3.Streaks([stri:ks]n.条纹) of faint([feint]adj.微弱的) light were rising, heralding a new day.几道淡淡的晨曦正在升起, 预示新的一天的来临.
Surge [sɜ:dʒ] n. 激增;急剧上升;突飞猛进
1.Later, automation in factories and offices called forth a surge in college graduates.
2.Specialists see various reasons for the recent surge in inflation.专家们认为目前通货膨胀加剧有多种原因。
3.There has been a surge of UFO sightings in America.美国不明飞行物目击事件激增。
Cramming [k'ræmɪŋ] v.把…塞进;使塞满( cram的现在分词 )；
1.This time, however, working lives are so lengthy and so fast-changing that simply cramming more schooling in at the start is not enough.
2.I crammed my bag full of swimsuits and T-shirts and caught the sleeper down to Beziers.我把泳衣和T恤衫塞进包里，乘卧铺前往贝济耶。
3.Being hungry for the whole morning, I couldn't help cramming myself.我饿了一上午, 禁不住狼吞虎咽了起来.
Exacerbate [ɪgˈzæsəbeɪt] vt.使恶化;使加剧
1.Unfortunately, as our special report in this issue sets out, the lifelong learning that exists today mainly benefits high achievers（成功者）—and is therefore more likely to exacerbate inequality than diminish it.
2.Longstanding poverty has been exacerbated by racial divisions.种族分化已经加剧了长期的贫困问题。
3.Do policies in industrial countries ease or exacerbate the difficulties faced by developing countries?工业国的政策减轻还是加重了发展中国家面临的困难?
Diminish [dɪˈmɪnɪʃ] vt.（使）减少，缩小；
1.Unfortunately, as our special report in this issue sets out, the lifelong learning that exists today mainly benefits high achievers—and is therefore more likely to exacerbate inequality than diminish it.
2.Federalism is intended to diminish the power of the central state.联邦制旨在削弱中央政府的权力。
3.As people approach old age, their energies may diminish.接近老年时, 人的精力就衰退了.
Ambition [æmˈbɪʃn] n.雄心；抱负；
1.So far, their ambition has fallen pitifully short （fall short：未达到）.
2.Even when I was young I never had any ambition.即使是年轻时，我也从没有什么雄心壮志。
3.She has great ambitions but little talent.她志大才疏。
Burst [bɜ:st] n.短暂的突然发作;一阵
1.The classic model of education—a burst at the start and top-ups（补足的，增加的；引申为强化培训） through company training—is breaking down.
2.It is easier to cope with short bursts of activity than with prolonged exercise.和长时间的锻炼相比，短期内加强活动更容易应付。
3.Clouds gathered and a storm burst.乌云密布,陡降暴雨。
Bashing [ˈbæʃɪŋ] v.猛击( bash的现在分词 )；
1.Manufacturing increasingly calls for brain work rather than metal-bashing.
2.Too many golfers try to bash the ball out of sand. That spells disaster.太多高尔夫球手都想把球从沙子里敲出来，结果酿成了一场灾难。
3.A stand-in drummer bashes on a single snare([sneə]n.绷在小鼓下面的线) and a pair of cymbals([ˈsimbəlz]n.钹).一名临时顶替的鼓手使劲敲着一根响弦和一对铙钹。
Routine [ru:ˈti:n] adj.普通的;
1.The share of the American workforce employed in routine office jobs declined from 25.5% to 21% between 1996 and 2015.
2.So many days are routine and uninteresting, especially in winter.许多日子都过得平淡乏味，尤其是在冬天。
3.Jack had attended these meetings as a matter of routine for years.数年来，杰克把参加这些会议当成是例行公事。
Declined [diˈklaind] v.下降;减少;衰退;衰落
1.The share of the American workforce employed in routine office jobs declined from 25.5% to 21% between 1996 and 2015.
2.Hourly output by workers declined 1.3% in the first quarter.第一季度工人每小时的产量下降了 1.3%
Cope [kəʊp] vi.应付，忍受(不愉快的局面)
1.Pushing people into ever-higher levels of formal education at the start of their lives is not the way to cope.
2.She has had to cope with losing all her previous status and money.她不得不忍受彻底失去以前所拥有的地位和金钱的痛苦。
3.Never before has the industry had to cope with war and recession at the same time.这个行业以前从未有过必须同时应付战争和萧条的经历
Vocational [vəʊˈkeɪʃənl] adj.职业的;职业技术的
1.Although a vocational education promises that vital first hire, those with specialised training tend to withdraw from the labour force earlier than those with general education—perhaps because they are less adaptable.
2.Vocational courses are often given more respect and funding than arts or philosophy.职业技术类课程通常能够获得比艺术或哲学类课程更多的重视和资助。
3.The trainers have a programme to teach them vocational skills.培训师计划教他们一些职业技能。
Vital [ˈvaɪtl] adj.必要的;至关重要的;必不可少的
1.Although a vocational education promises that vital first hire, those with specialised training tend to withdraw from the labour force earlier than those with general education—perhaps because they are less adaptable.
2.Officials failed to pass vital information to their superiors.官员们没有将重要信息汇报给他们的上司。
3.Support from those closest to you is vital in these trying times.在这些困难的时刻，最亲近的人给予你的支持至关重要。
Withdraw [wɪðˈdrɔ:] vi.退出(活动或组织)
1.Although a vocational education promises that vital first hire, those with specialised training tend to withdraw from the labour force earlier than those with general education—perhaps because they are less adaptable.
2.The African National Congress threatened to withdraw from the talks.非洲国民大会威胁要退出会谈。
3.The unemployed cannot withdraw their labour — they have no power.失业者没法罢工——他们没有这种实力。
Shrinking [ʃrɪŋkɪŋ] v.缩水，收缩，缩小( shrink的现在分词 )
1.At the same time on-the-job（在职的） training is shrinking.
2.All my jumpers have shrunk.我所有的套头毛衣都缩水了
3.The department has been shrinking year by year because of budget cuts.这个部门因为预算削减而逐年萎缩。
Pursue [pəˈsju:] vt.寻求；追求
1.Taking time out later in life to pursue a formal qualification is an option, but it costs money and most colleges are geared towards youngsters.
2.There is another avenue to pursue— it involves further negotiations.还有一个办法可用，但需要进一步的磋商。
3.Students may pursue research in any aspect of computational linguistics.学生可以就计算语言学的任何一个方面展开研究。
Geared [gɪəd] vt.使适应；(gear的过去式和过去分词)
1.Taking time out later in life to pursue a formal qualification is an option, but it costsmoney and most colleges are geared towards youngsters.
2.My training was geared towards winning gold in Munich.我为了在慕尼黑夺取金牌而进行训练。
3.The factory was geared up to make 1,100 cars a day.工厂已经可以日产1,100辆车。
Youngster [ˈjʌŋstə(r)] n.年轻人；（尤指）少年，儿童
1.Taking time out later in life to pursue a formal qualification is an option, but it costs money and most colleges are geared towards（旨在；适合于) youngsters.
2.I was only a youngster in 1935. 1935年时我还只是个孩子。
3.I rode the youngster on my back.我让小孩骑在背上.
Veered [vɪəd] v.（尤指交通工具）改变方向或路线( veer的过去式和过去分词 )
1.Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have veered away from lectures on Plato or black holes in favour of courses that make their students more employable.
2.He is unlikely to veer from his boss's strongly held views.他不可能背离他老板的强硬立场。
3.He veered away from the most environmentally sound option.他放弃了对环境保护最有利的选择方案。
Bestow [bɪˈstəʊ] vt.给予；赠与；授予；赐予
1.At Udacity and Coursera self-improvers pay for cheap, short programmes that bestow “microcredentials” and “nanodegrees” in, say, self-driving cars or the Android operating system.
2.The Queen has bestowed a knighthood on him.女王已经授予他爵士头衔。
3.He wished to bestow great honors upon the hero.他希望将那些伟大的荣誉授予这位英雄.
Microcredentials (链接是该词的实例解释，非广告)
micro+credentials [krəˈdenʃlz] 资格证书;证明书
1.At Udacity and Coursera self-improvers pay for cheap, short programmes that bestow “microcredentials” and “nanodegrees” in, say, self-drivingcars orthe Android operating system.
2.His Republican credentials made him an asset.他作为共和党人的资历成了他的一笔财富。
3.Britain's new ambassador to Lebanon has presented his credentials to the President.英国驻黎巴嫩的新任大使已将国书递交给总统。
Burnish [ˈbɜ:nɪʃ] vt.改善
1.By offering degrees online, universities are making it easier for professionals to burnish their skills.
2.Act well with vitamin B, can maintain the burnish of the hair.和维生素B一起作用, 可保持头发的光泽.
3.Such bipartisanship will do something to burnish his reputation as a reformer.这样的两党合作将对凸显布什作为改革者的声誉或有助益.
Demonstrate [ˈdemənstreɪt] vt.示范;演示
1.Such efforts demonstrate how to interleave(交替，转换) careers and learning.
2.The BBC has just successfully demonstrated a new digital radio transmission system.英国广播公司刚刚成功地演示了一套新的数字无线电传输系统。
3.The government's going to great lengths to demonstrate its military might.该政府正不遗余力地展示其军事力量。
Nascent [ˈnæsnt] adj.新兴的;新生的
1.But left to its own devices, this nascent market will mainly serve those who already have advantages.
2.That slim book showed the Chinese intelligentsia and the nascent working class.那本小册子讲述了中国的知识界和新兴的工人阶级.
3.the still nascent science of psychology.方兴未艾的心理学
Literacy [ˈlɪtərəsi] 读写能力；
1.Online learning requires some IT literacy, yet one in four adults in the OECD(经济合作与发展组织) has no or limited experience of computers.
2.Many adults have some problems with literacy and numeracy.很多成年人在读写和计算方面都有困难。
3.Of course, literacy isn't the same thing as intelligence.当然，识字和智力是两码事。
Atrophy [ˈætrəfi] v.(事物的尺寸、程度、影响力等由于不使用或未受到保护而)变小，退化
1.Skills atrophy unless they are used, but many low-end jobs give workers little chance to practise them.
2.If you allow your mind to stagnate, this particular talent will atrophy.如果你老不用脑，那么这一特殊才能就会退化。
3.Many hoped he would renew the country's atrophied political system.很多人都期望他能使该国萎靡的政治体系振作起来。
Radical [ˈrædɪkl] adj.激进的；激进派的
1.If new ways of learning are to help those who need them most, policymakers should be aiming for something far more radical.
2.This thesis led to a radical reshaping of Labour policies.这篇论文导致了工党政策的彻底改变。
3.There will be a radical swing to the right or the left.这样将出现极左或极右的情况。
Spill [spɪl] v. 洒出，涌出
1.Because education is a public good（公益事业） whose benefits spill over to all of society, government shave a vital role to play—not just by spending more, but also by spending wisely.
2.The spill could wipe out the Gulf's turtle population.这次原油泄漏可能会使波斯湾的海龟灭绝。
3.70,000 tonnes of oil spilled from the tanker.7 万吨油从油轮中溢了出来。
Curriculum [kəˈrɪkjələm] n.全部课程，课程；
1.The curriculum needs to teach children how to study and think.
2.All the schools have music and dancing as part of the curriculum.所有学校都设有音乐和舞蹈课。
3.The national curriculum must be a guide, not a straitjacket.国家课程设置必须是指导性的，而不是约束性的。
Metacognition [me'tækɔ:gnɪʃən] n.元认知
knowledge of your own thoughts and the factors that influenceyour thinking
1.A focus on “metacognition” will make them better at picking up skills later in life.
2.Moreover, the article advances some propositions to cultivate students metacognition ability.并进一步提出了一些关于如何培养中学生数学元认知的建议.
Vouchers [ˈvaʊtʃəz] n.代金券;票券
1.One way is for citizens to receive vouchers that they can use to pay for training.
2.The winners will each receive a voucher for a pair of cinema tickets.获胜者每人将会获得两张电影票的代金券。
3.This time we were given free vouchers to spend the night in a nearby hotel.这一次我们得到了在附近一家旅馆入住的免费券.
Steering [ˈstɪərɪŋ] v.指导
1.But industry can help by steering people towards the skills it wants and by working with MOOCs and colleges to design courses that are relevant.
2.The new government is seen as one that will steer the country in the right direction.新政府被认为能将国家引向正确的方向。
3.I think you are perfectly correct in trying to steer your mother towards increased independence.我认为你试图引导你母亲变得更加独立是完全正确的。
Equip [ɪˈkwɪp] vt.（尤指通过教育）使做好准备，使有能力，使有资格
1.AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills, spends $30m a year on reimbursing employees’ tuition costs.
2.A basic two-hour first aid course would equip you to deal with any of these incidents.两小时的基础急救课程能够让你有能力处理这类事件。
3.Relative poverty, however, did not prevent Martin from equipping himself with an excellent education.然而，较为贫困的状况并没有阻止马丁让自己接受一流的教育。
Reimbursing [ˌri:ɪmˈbɜ:sɪŋ] v.补偿;赔偿;向…偿付
1.AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills, spends $30m a year on reimbursing employees’ tuition costs.
2.I'll be happy to reimburse you for any expenses you might have incurred...我将很乐意赔偿您所发生的任何费用。
3.The funds are supposed to reimburse policyholders in the event of insurer failure.这项基金将在保险公司不能偿付的情况下对投保人进行赔付。
Tuition [tjuˈɪʃn] n.（尤指大专院校或私立学校的）学费(不可数名词)
1.AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills, spends $30m a year on reimbursing employees’ tuition costs.
2.Angela's $7,000 tuition at University this year will be paid for with scholarships.安杰拉将用奖学金支付今年 7,000 美元的大学学费。
Slash [slæʃ] vt.大量削减
1.To make all this training worthwhile, governments need to slash the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard for newcomers to enter occupations.
2.Everyone agrees that subsidies have to be slashed.所有人都同意必须大幅度削减补贴。
3.Car makers could be forced to slash prices after being accused of overcharging yesterday...昨天被指控要价太高之后，汽车生产商可能会被迫大幅度降价。
Barriers ['bærɪəz] n.障碍；壁垒；阻碍( barrier的名词复数 )
1.To make all this training worthwhile, governments need to slash the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard for newcomers to enter occupations.
2.Duties and taxes are the most obvious barrier to free trade.关税和税收是自由贸易的最大壁垒。
3.These man-made barriers will ensure a very high degree of protection.这些人造屏障将会确保提供高度的保护。
Occupations [ˌɒkjʊ'peɪʃnz] n.职业;工作( occupation的名词复数 )
1.To make all this training worthwhile, governments need to slash the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard for newcomers to enter occupations.
2.I suppose I was looking for an occupation which was going to be an adventure.我想我在找的是一份具有冒险性的工作。
3.He carried on several occupations at a time.他同时从事几种职业.
Navigate [ˈnævɪgeɪt] vt.驾驭，成功应付(困难处境)
1.Not everyone will successfully navigate the shifting jobs market.
2.This outlook helped her to navigate through her later years with success.这种观念帮她安度了晚年。
3.During childhood each of us has to navigate a pathway through a series of developmental stages.我们每个人在童年时都要经历和应对不同的成长阶段。
Disruption [dɪs'rʌpʃn] n.混乱
1.Those most at risk of technological disruption are men in blue-collar (蓝领）jobs, many of whom reject taking less “masculine” roles in fast-growing areas such as health care.
2.The rail strike is causing major disruptions at the country's ports.铁路罢工使该国港口陷入了一片混乱。
3.The strike is expected to cause delays and disruption to flights from Britain.预计罢工将导致英国航班的延误和中断。
Masculine [ˈmæskjəlɪn] adj.有男子气概的;阳刚的;男子汉的
1.Those most at risk of technological disruption are men in blue-collar jobs, many of whom reject taking less “masculine” roles in fast-growing areas such as health care.
2.The Duke's study was very masculine, with deep red wall-covering and dark oak shelving.公爵的书房颇具阳刚气，深红色墙纸，深色的橡木搁板。
Stunning [ˈstʌnɪŋ] adj.令人惊奇万分的;令人震惊的;极不寻常的
1.The 19th and 20th centuries saw stunning advances in education. That should be the scale of the ambition today.
2.The secret that the priest had confided to him was a stunning piece of news.神父吐露给他的秘密真是条惊天大新闻。
3.The minister resigned last night after a stunning defeat in Sunday's vote...在周日的选举中意外惨败后，部长于昨晚辞职。
