ThreadLocal

ThreadLocal最常用的地方就是为每个线程绑定一个数据库连接，HTTP请求，用户身份信息等，
这样一个线程的所有调用到的处理函数都可以非常方便地访问这些资源
import threading

# 创建全局ThreadLocal对象:
local_school = threading.local()

def process_student():
    # 获取当前线程关联的student:
    std = local_school.student
    print('Hello, %s (in %s)' % (std, threading.current_thread().name))

def process_thread(name):
    # 绑定ThreadLocal的student:
    local_school.student = name
    process_student()

t1 = threading.Thread(target= process_thread, args=('Alice',), name='Thread-A')
t2 = threading.Thread(target= process_thread, args=('Bob',), name='Thread-B')
t1.start()
t2.start()
t1.join()
t2.join()

执行结果：

Hello, Alice (in Thread-A)
Hello, Bob (in Thread-B)

分布式进程

# task_master.py

import random, time, queue
from multiprocessing.managers import BaseManager

# 发送任务的队列:
task_queue = queue.Queue()
# 接收结果的队列:
result_queue = queue.Queue()

# 从BaseManager继承的QueueManager:
class QueueManager(BaseManager):
    pass

# 把两个Queue都注册到网络上, callable参数关联了Queue对象:
QueueManager.register('get_task_queue', callable=lambda: task_queue)
QueueManager.register('get_result_queue', callable=lambda: result_queue)
# 绑定端口5000, 设置验证码'abc':
manager = QueueManager(address=('', 5000), authkey=b'abc')
# 启动Queue:
manager.start()
# 获得通过网络访问的Queue对象:
task = manager.get_task_queue()
result = manager.get_result_queue()
# 放几个任务进去:
for i in range(10):
    n = random.randint(0, 10000)
    print('Put task %d...' % n)
    task.put(n)
# 从result队列读取结果:
print('Try get results...')
for i in range(10):
    r = result.get(timeout=10)
    print('Result: %s' % r)
# 关闭:
manager.shutdown()
print('master exit.')



# task_worker.py

import time, sys, queue
from multiprocessing.managers import BaseManager

# 创建类似的QueueManager:
class QueueManager(BaseManager):
    pass

# 由于这个QueueManager只从网络上获取Queue，所以注册时只提供名字:
QueueManager.register('get_task_queue')
QueueManager.register('get_result_queue')

# 连接到服务器，也就是运行task_master.py的机器:
server_addr = '127.0.0.1'
print('Connect to server %s...' % server_addr)
# 端口和验证码注意保持与task_master.py设置的完全一致:
m = QueueManager(address=(server_addr, 5000), authkey=b'abc')
# 从网络连接:
m.connect()
# 获取Queue的对象:
task = m.get_task_queue()
result = m.get_result_queue()
# 从task队列取任务,并把结果写入result队列:
for i in range(10):
    try:
        n = task.get(timeout=1)
        print('run task %d * %d...' % (n, n))
        r = '%d * %d = %d' % (n, n, n*n)
        time.sleep(1)
        result.put(r)
    except Queue.Empty:
        print('task queue is empty.')
# 处理结束:
print('worker exit.')

先启动test_master.py

$ python3 task_master.py 
Put task 3411...
Put task 1605...
Put task 1398...
Put task 4729...
Put task 5300...
Put task 7471...
Put task 68...
Put task 4219...
Put task 339...
Put task 7866...
Try get results...

task_master.py进程发送完任务后，开始等待result队列的结果。现在启动task_worker.py进程：

$ python3 task_worker.py
Connect to server 127.0.0.1...
run task 3411 * 3411...
run task 1605 * 1605...
run task 1398 * 1398...
run task 4729 * 4729...
run task 5300 * 5300...
run task 7471 * 7471...
run task 68 * 68...
run task 4219 * 4219...
run task 339 * 339...
run task 7866 * 7866...
worker exit.

task_worker.py进程结束，在task_master.py进程中会继续打印出结果：

Result: 3411 * 3411 = 11634921
Result: 1605 * 1605 = 2576025
Result: 1398 * 1398 = 1954404
Result: 4729 * 4729 = 22363441
Result: 5300 * 5300 = 28090000
Result: 7471 * 7471 = 55815841
Result: 68 * 68 = 4624
Result: 4219 * 4219 = 17799961
Result: 339 * 339 = 114921
Result: 7866 * 7866 = 61873956