一、Leonardo da Vinci1
peasant
[ˈpeznt]
n.(尤指昔日或贫穷国家的)农民，小农，佃农;
老粗;土包子;没教养的人
profession
[prəˈfeʃn]
n.(需要专门技能，尤指需要较高教育水平的某一)行业，职业;
(某)职业界;业内人士;同业;同行;同人;(统称，指需要较高教育水平的)职业
half-sister
[ˈhɑːf sɪstə(r)]
n.同母异父(或同父异母)的姐妹
mathematics
[ˌmæθəˈmætɪks]
n.数学;运算;计算
self-educated
[ˌself ˈedʒukeɪtɪd]
adj.自我教育的;自学的;自修的
Leonardo da Vinci is one of the greatest geniuses of all time.
He was a painter, an architect, an engineer and a scientist.
He was born in Vinci, Italy in 1452.
Vinci is a town just outside of the great Italian city, Florence.
His name Da Vinci means "of Vinci”.
Leonardo’s father was a lawyer and landowner, and his mother was a peasant.
Leonardo’s parents were never married to each other.
Q：When he was born?
A：He was born in 1452.
Q：What was his father's profession?
A：Leonardo’s father was a lawyer and land owner.
Leonardo lived with his mother until he was around 5 years old.
When he was 5, he moved into the home of his father.
By then his father had married a 16-year-old girl.
Leonardo’s mother married another man, and moved to another town.
She had many more children after that, with several different men.
In the end, Leonardo had more than 15 half-sisters and brothers.
Q：How old was he when he moved to his father's home?
A：five
Q：With whom did he live until he was five?
A：Leonardo lived with his mother until he was around 5 years old.
As a young man, Da Vinci didn’t go to school.
He was educated at home in reading, writing and mathematics.
In other subjects, he was mostly self-educated.
He had access to books at his father’s home.
Leonardo spent a lot of time outdoors and developed a strong interest in nature.
He loved to observe things, especially birds.
He was also interested in the properties of water.
Q：What does he have access to at home?
A：books at his father's home
Q：In what did he develop a strong interest?
A：He developed a strong interest in nature.
二、Leonardo da Vinci2
demonstrate
[ˈdemənstreɪt]
v.证明;证实;论证;说明;表达;表露;表现;显露;示范;演示
Florence
[ˈflɒrəns]
n.佛罗伦萨（意大利中部一城市，托斯卡纳区首府）;
弗洛伦斯（女子名）
apprentice
[əˈprentɪs]
n.学徒;徒弟
v.使某人当(某人的)学徒
workshop
[ˈwɜːkʃɒp]
n.车间;工场;作坊;研讨会;讲习班
surpass
[səˈpɑːs]
v.超过;胜过;优于
jealous
[ˈdʒeləs]
adj.吃醋的;妒忌的;妒羡的;忌妒的;珍惜的;爱惜的;精心守护的
vow
[vaʊ]
n.(尤指宗教的)誓，誓言，誓约
v.起誓;立誓;发誓
duke
[djuːk]
n.公爵;(尤指旧时欧洲部分地区小公国的)君主
vi.战斗
machinery
[məˈʃiːnəri]
n.(统称)机器;(尤指)大型机器;机器的运转部分;机械装置;组织;机构;系统;体制
submarine
英 [ˌsʌbməˈriːn] 美 [ˌsʌbməˈriːn]
n.潜艇;潜艇三明治，长卷三明治(用长卷面包纵向切开，内夹各种食物)
adj.水下的;海底的
vi.用潜艇攻击驾驶潜艇;划入底下
invade
英 [ɪnˈveɪd] 美 [ɪnˈveɪd]
v.武装入侵;侵略;侵犯;(尤指造成损害或混乱地)涌入;侵袭;侵扰;干扰
dissect
英 [dɪˈsekt] 美 [dɪˈsekt]
v.解剖(人或动植物);仔细研究;详细评论;剖析;把…分成小块
anatomy
英 [əˈnætəmi] 美 [əˈnætəmi]
n.解剖学;(动植物的)结构，解剖;人体
backward
英 [ˈbækwəd] 美 [ˈbækwərd]
adj.向后的;朝后的;倒退的;反向的;落后的;进步缓慢的
Leonardo’s early drawings and paintings demonstrated a rare talent.
His father and his father’s friends recognized his talent and encouraged him.
When he was 15, he was sent to Florence.
In Florence, he became an apprentice to a famous master painter.
For the next few years, Leonardo worked at his master’s workshop.
It wasn’t long before his ability surpassed that of his master.
Some people say that his master became jealous of Leonardo’s great talent.
They say that the master vowed to never paint again.
In 1478, with his father’s help, Leonardo set up his own workshop.
Q：Where was he sent when he was 15
A：He was sent to Florence
In 1482, he entered the service of powerful man in the city of Milan.
This man was the Duke of Milan.
For the next few years, Leonardo designed buildings, machineries and weapons of war.
Weapons were important, because Italy was constantly at war during this period.
From 1485 to 1490, Leonardo produced designs for a variety of weapons.
In his notes, he predicted the development of advanced weapons such as submarines and flying machines.
In 1499, the French invaded Italy and Leonardo left Milan.
Q：Why did Leonardo leave Milan?
A：The French invaded Italy
Q：What kind of advanced weapons did he predict?
A：submarines and flying machines
Altogether, Leonardo spent 17 years in Milan.
During this period, he spent much of his time studying nature.
He dissected bodies, both human and animal to study and illustrate anatomy.
His detailed illustrations are masterpieces.
Leonardo filled many notebooks with drawings and ideas.
He wrote backwards so you need a mirror to read them.
Q：How did he spend much of his time in Milan?
A：He studied nature.
After 1500, Leonardo spent time in a number of Italian cities.
He worked very slowly and the range of his interests was very wide.
As a result, Leonardo left many paintings and projects unfinished.
One painting that he did finish, was the Mona Lisa, one of world’s most famous paintings.
People are still interested in this painting 500 years after he painted it.
Thought there are many theories, nobody knows who the woman in the painting really was.
Q：Who was the woman in the painting?
A：Nobody knows for sure.
Q：Why did Leonardo leave so many projects unfinished?
A：He worked slowly and had a wide interests.
In 1516, Leonardo left Italy for good when the French King, Francis the first, offered him a position.
There, he had the freedom to paint and draw whatever he wanted.
Leonardo died in 1519 at the age of 67.
Some say that the French King, who had become a close friend, was with him when he died.
He was buried in the church which was destroyed during the French revolution.
The exact location of his remains is unknown.
Q：How old was he when he died?
A：He died at the age of 67.
Q：Where was he buried?
A：He was buried in a church.
三、Sources of Pollution
Pesticide
英 [ˈpestɪsaɪd] 美 [ˈpestɪsaɪd]
农药;杀虫剂;农药残留;殺蟲劑;撒药
fertilizer
英 [ˈfɜːtəlaɪzə(r)] 美 [ˈfɜːrtəlaɪzər]
n.肥料
Waste water and carbon gases from farm animals are bad for the environment.
Animal wastes and other chemicals flow into the ground and pollute water supplies.
Exhausted gases from automobiles are a major cause of air pollution and global warming.
As a result, many companies are trying to produce more efficient and cleaner cars.
Pesticides and fertilizers are used by farmers to grow crops such as fruits and vegetables.
These chemicals pollute water supplies when they flow into the ground or rivers.
Factories like this one, allow harmful chemicals to get into the air or water.
Companies need to try harder to protect the environment and our health.
Nuclear waste products are radioactive and can pollute the environment for thousands of years.
They need to be safely transported and stored in the safe place.
四、Historical Figures
Jane Austen
简·奥斯汀
nonviolence
n.不诉诸武力的主张（或政策）；非暴力主义
resistance
英 [rɪˈzɪstəns] 美 [rɪˈzɪstəns]
n.反对;抵制;抗拒;抵抗;反抗;抗力;抵抗力
dedicate
英 [ˈdedɪkeɪt] 美 [ˈdedɪkeɪt]
v.把…奉献给;(在书、音乐或作品的前部)题献词;为…举行奉献典礼;为(建筑物等)举行落成典礼
The British writer, Jane Austen, was born in England in 1775, one of seven children.
She wrote some of the most popular love stories of all time.
One of the most famous female rulers in history, Cleopatra had affairs with Julius Caesar and later with Mark Antony.克利奥帕特拉是历史上最著名的女统治者之一，他与凯撒大帝有过婚外情，后来又与马克·安东尼发生了婚外
She was known for her great beauty and charming voice.
Born in 1756, Mozart composed and performed some of the world’s greatest classical music.
He was the youngest of seven children, and by the age of 5, he was already composing music.
The sun of a king, Alexander the Great was a military leader who created one of the largest empires in the ancient world.亚历山大大帝（Alexander the Great）是国王的太阳，曾是一位军事领袖，创造了古代世界上最大的帝国之一
As a youth, Alexander was taught by the Greek philosophy, Aristotle.亚历山大年轻时曾接受希腊哲学亚里士多德的教导。
Mahatma Gandhi was a 20th century leader who used nonviolence resistance to lead India to independence.圣雄甘地(MahatmaGandhi)是一位20世纪的领导人，他利用非暴力抵抗带领印度走向独立。
Gandhi dedicated his life to the pursuit of truth.甘地毕生致力于追求真理。
五、An Urgent Call
I’d like to speak with Mr. Bennett, please.
I’m sorry, but he’s not here right now.
Would you like to leave a voice message?
It’s urgent that I speak with him.
It’s an emergency.
Oh, I see.
What kind of emergency?
It’s very personal so I can’t give you any details.
Q：Why doesn't he want to leave a voice message
A：It’s an emergency matter.
Without more details I’m afraid I can’t give you his number.
Give me your number and I’ll let him know about your call.
Then maybe he’ll call you back.
Would that be okay?
Sure, my number is 5834987.
It would be great if he could call me within the next half hour.
六、Settling the Bill
flip
英 [flɪp] 美 [flɪp]
v.(使)快速翻转，迅速翻动;按(开关);按(按钮);开(或关)(机器等);(用手指)轻抛，轻掷
n.轻抛;捻掷;空翻;浏览;草草翻阅
adj.无礼的;轻率的;冒失的
场景一：
A: That was a great dinner.
B: Here, put away your wallet. I’ll pay the bill.
A: You paid last time, this time it's my turn to pay.
B: Hey, you don’t have a job, and I do. Let me pay.
A: Thanks for the offer, but I can handle it.
Q：Why does he want to pay?
A：It's his turn to pay.
B: Wait, let’s flip for it.
A: Flip for it? What does that mean?
B: Do you see this coin? This side is heads, and the opposite side is tails. I’ll flip it up in the air. If it comes down with heads facing up, I’ll pay. If tails is up, you can pay.
A: Okay, that’s fine with me.
Q：How are they going to decide who is going to pay?
A：They are going to flip a coin.
B: Look, it’s heads up. So I’ll pay.
A: Thanks, it’s very nice of you.
B: It’s my pleasure.
场景二
W: Do you want anything else sir? Would you like to see the dessert menu?
M: No, thanks.I’m ready for the check. Here is my credit card.
W: I’m sorry sir, but we don’t take credit cards.
M: You’re joking, right?
W: No sir, I’m not joking. Do you see that sign? It says "cash only".
M: I didn’t see it when I came in. I don’t have enough cash to pay the bill.
Q：How did he plan to pay?
A：he planed to pay by credit card.
W: There's a bank down the street, sir. If you let me hold your driver’s license, you can go and get the cash.
M: Ok, I hope the bank is open.
W: The bank is closed, but you can use the ATM to get your cash.
Q：Where can he get the cash?
A：He can get the cash at an ATM down the street.
Would you like to see the dessert menu?
There's a bank down the street, Sir.
Do you want anything else sir?
The bank is closed, but you can use the ATM to get your cash.
He has to leave his driver’s license with the waitress.
