Day11：
单次作业
Vocabulary and phrases
University College London伦敦大学学院
Quebec魁北克（加拿大东部城市）
Hudson Bay哈德逊湾（加拿大东北部）
Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt Nuvvuagittuq绿岩带
1.condense
①if a gascondenses, or is condensed, it becomes a liquid
·The mist which condensed on every cold surface每个冰冷的表面上凝结的水汽
·The gaseous metal is cooled and condensesintoliquid zinc.气态金属被冷却并凝结成液态锌。
②to make something that is spoken or writtenshorter, by not giving as much detail or using fewer words to give the same information
·This whole chapter could be condensedintoa few paragraphs.这一整章可以压缩成几个段落。
③to make a liquid thicker by removing some of thewater
·condensed soup浓汤
2.interstellar
①happening or existing between the stars
·Inside the head of this interstellar monster is a star that is slowly destroying it.在这星际怪物的顶端内部是一颗正在慢慢摧毁它的恒星。
3.stromatolite
a rocky mass consisting of layers of calcareous material and sediment formed by the prolific growth of cyanobacteria: such structures date back to Precambrian times叠层石
4.layered
①Something that is layered is made or exists inlayers.
·Maria wore a layered white dress that rustledwhen she moved.
玛丽亚穿着一袭白色的褶裙，她一动裙子就窸窣作响。
5.mound
①a pile of earth or stones that looks like asmall hill
·an ancient burial mound古代墓冢
②a large pile of something
·There’s a mound of papers on my desk.我桌上有一大堆文件。
6.photosynthesize
①(of plants and some bacteria) to carry outphotosynthesis.
·This suppression of the plankton's ability tophotosynthesize could have a profound effect on the Earth's climate.
这抑制了浮游生物的光合作用能力，会对地球的气候产生深远的影响。
7.debut
①[n] the first publicappearance of an entertainer, sports player etc or of something new andimportant.
·Their debut album was recorded in 1991.他们的首张专辑是1991年录制的。
②[v]to appear in public orbecome available for the first time
·The show will debut next Monday at 8.00 pm.这出戏首演时间是下星期一晚8点。
8.organism
①an animal, plant, human, or any other livingthing
·All living organisms have to adapt tochanges in environmental conditions.一切生物都要适应环境条件的变化。
②a system made up of parts that are dependent oneach other
·A society is essentially an organism.从本质上来说，社会是一个有机的整体。
9．Intriguing
①something that is intriguing is very interesting because it is strange, mysterious, or unexpected
·The magazine carries an intriguing mixture of high fashion, gossip and racing.这本杂志内容丰富有趣，有关时尚、花边新闻和赛马的内容都有。
10.swathe
①a long thin area of something, especially land
·A swathe of sunlight lay across the floor.一道阳光照射在地板上。
②a long thin area of grass or plants that hasbeen cut down
·We cut a swathe through the dense undergrowth.我们在浓密的灌木丛中劈开一条道。
11.basalt
a type of dark green-black rock玄武岩，一种地下岩浆从火山中喷出或从地表裂隙中溢出凝结形成的火成岩。
12.reddish
①slightly red微红的，淡红的
•reddish-brown lipstick红棕色唇膏
13.outcrop
①a rock or group of rocks above the surface ofthe ground
…anoutcrop of rugged granite....露出地面的花岗岩粗糙岩层。
14.jasper
①a red, yellow, or brown stone that is not veryvaluable
碧玉〔一种不大值钱的矿石，呈红色、黄色或棕色〕
15.quartz
①a hard mineral substance that is used in makingelectronic watches and clocks 石英
·quartz crystals石英晶体
16.compress
①to press something or make it smaller so that ittakes up less space, or to become smaller
·Isobel nodded, her lips compressed.伊索贝尔紧闭着双唇点了点头。
·Snow falling on the mountainsides is compressed into ice.落在山坡上的雪被压成了冰。
②to make a computer file smaller by using aspecial computer program , which makes the file easier to store or send, or tobecome smaller in this way
·The program compresses any data saved to the disk.该程序会压缩所有储存在磁盘上的信息
③to reduce the amount of time that it takes forsomething to happen or be done
·Many couples want to compress their childbearing into a short space of time in their married life.许多夫妇都想把生育时间压缩在婚后短短的一段时间内。
17.vein
one of the thin lines on a piece of cheese or some types of stone.纹路
18.nodule
a small round raised part, especially a small swelling on a plant or someone’s body.结节；小瘤
19.rosette
a large, circular decoration made from coloured ribbons which is given as a prize in a competition, or is worn to show support for a political party or sports team.玫瑰花形饰物
20.decay
①to be slowly destroyed by a natural chemical process, or to makesomething do this
·decaying organic matter腐烂的有机物
②if buildings, structures, or areasdecay, their condition gradually becomes worse
·Britain’s decaying inner cities英国破败的旧城区
③if traditional beliefs, standards etcdecay, people do not believe in them or support them any more
·In Orthodox Europe, mass religion seems to have decayed less.在正教会流行的欧洲地区，集体宗教信仰的影响力似乎衰退得没那么严重。
Ineveryday English, people usually say rot rather than decay when talking aboutfood.
在日常英语中,人们谈论食物一般说rot ,而不用decay
•There was a smell of rotting vegetables.有股蔬菜腐烂的味道。
21.conclusive
①showing that something is definitelytrue
→conclusive proof/evidence/findingsetc
·The investigation failed to provide any conclusive evidence.调查未能提供任何结论性的证据。
22.intrigue
①if something intrigues you, itinterests you a lot because it seems strange or mysterious
·Other people’s houses always intrigued her.别人的房子总令她好奇。
②[formal] to make secret plans to harmsomeone or make them lose their position of power
·While King Richard was abroad, thebarons had beenintriguing againsthim.理查王在国外时，贵族们一直在密谋反对他。
23.haematite
[矿物]赤铁矿
24.mineralize
①to impregnate (organic matter, water, etc) with a mineral substance给(有机物或水等)加入矿物质
②to convert (such matter) into a mineral; petrify使(某物)矿化;石化
25.filament
a very thin thread or wire细丝，细线
·an electric filament灯丝
26.anchor
①�to lower the anchor on a ship or boat to hold it in one place
·Three tankers were anchored in the harbor.三艘油轮停泊在港口。
②[usually passive] to fasten somethingfirmly so that it cannot move
·The shelves should be securely anchored to the wall.搁板应牢牢固定在墙上。
27.corkscrew
①a tool made of twisted metal that youuse to pull a cork out of a bottle
〔拔出瓶塞的〕瓶塞钻
28.hydrothermalvent
深海热液喷口
29.crenellated
①In a castle, a crenellated wall has gaps in the top or openings through which to fire at attackers. (城墙)有雉堞的
·...crenellated turrets....有雉堞的塔楼。
30.tectonic plate
[地质]地壳板块
31.superheated
①If a liquid is superheated, it has been heated to a temperature that is higher than its boiling point without
being allowed to boil. (液体)温度超过沸点的
32.mineral-laden
富含矿物质的laden负载
33.spurt
①if liquid or flames spurt fromsomething, they come out of it quickly and suddenly
·Flames spurtedthroughtheroof.火焰蹿出屋顶。
·Blood spurtedfromhis nose.血从他的鼻子里喷涌而出。
②to suddenly start moving morequickly, especially for a short time
·He suddenly spurted ahead of the others.他突然冲到其他人的前面。
34.remnant
①a small part of something thatremains after the rest of it has been used, destroyed, or eaten
·Beneath the present church wereremnants of Roman flooring.
在目前的这座教堂下面还有残余的古罗马地板。
35.microbe
①an extremely small living thing which you can only see if you use a microscope . Some microbes can cause diseases.微生物
36.coil
①to wind or twist into a series ofrings, or to make something do this
·The snake coiled around the branches of the tree.这条蛇盘在树枝上。
37.plausible
①reasonable and likely to be true orsuccessful
·His story certainly sounds plausible.他的叙述听上去当然很合理。
②someone who is plausible is good attalking in a way that sounds reasonable and truthful, although they may in factbe lying
·a plausible liar一个能说会道的撒谎者
38.cradle
①a small bed for a baby, especiallyone that moves gently from side to side
·She rocked thecradle to quieten the child.她摇动摇篮，让宝宝安静下来。
②the cradle of sth
formal theplace where something important began 某事物的发源地；某事物的策源地
·Athens is often regarded as the cradle of democracy.雅典常常被认为是民主的发源地。
39.microscopic
①�extremely small and therefore very difficult to see
·a microscopic speck of dust微小的尘粒
②using a microscope
·The cells were identified through microscopic analysis.那些细胞通过显微镜分析被识别出来。
40.cell wall
the outer layer of a cell, esp the structure in plant cells that consists of cellulose, lignin, etc, and gives mechanical support to the cell细胞壁
41.gradient [syn] grade
①a slope or a degree of slope,especially in a road or railway 〔尤指道路或铁路的〕斜坡，坡度
·a steep gradient陡坡
42.primitive
①belonging to a simple way of life that existed in the past and does not have modern industries and machines原始的；远古的
·a primitive nomadic tribe原始的游牧部落
③something that is primitive is very simple and does not have the extra modern parts that would make it faster, better, more comfortable etc老式的；简陋的
·Conditions at the camp are very primitive.营地条件非常简陋。
④a primitive animal or plant has a simple structure or body（动物或植物）原始的；低等的
·primitive life-forms that live deep in the ocean生活在大洋深处的低等生物
④primitive feelings are not based on reason, and seem to come from a part of people’s character that is ancient and animal-like本能的
43.living cell
活细胞
44.scrutiny
①careful and thorough examination ofsomeone or something 仔细的审视；彻底的检查
·Their activities have come under police scrutiny .他们的活动受到警方的严密监视。
45.palaeobiologists
历史生物学家
46.implication
①a possible future effect or result ofan action, event, decision etc 〔行动、事件、决定等的〕可能的影响[后果]
·This election has profound implications for the future of U.S. democracy.对于美国民主的未来而言，这次选举影响深远。
②a situation in which it is shown orsuggested that someone or something is involved in a crime or a dishonest act
〔与罪行或欺诈行为的〕牵涉，牵连
·the implication of the former Chief of Staff in a major scandal前任总参谋长卷入一宗重大丑闻
③a suggestion that is not made directly but that people are expected to understand or accept含意，暗示
·The law bans organized protests and,by implication, any form of opposition.这一法令禁止有组织的抗议，言下之意就是禁止任何形式的反对活动。
47.penetrate
①to enter something and pass or spread through it, especially when this is difficult进入；渗入；刺入；穿过，穿透
·Explorers penetrated deepintounknown regions.探险者深入到了未知地区。
②to start to sell things to an area orcountry, or to have an influence there 打进〔某地区或国家的市场〕
·Few U.S. companies have successfully penetrated the Japanese electronics market.很少有美国公司成功打入日本电子产品市场。
③to succeed in becoming accepted into a group or an organization, sometimes in order to find out their secrets渗入〔某团体或组织〕
·KGB agents had penetrated most of their intelligence services.克格勃特工已渗透到他们大部分的情报部门。
48.well up
涌出；流露；萌发
49.crust
the hard outer layer of the Earth〔地球的〕地壳
·deep within the Earth’s crust在地壳深处
50.one-off
①happening or done only once, not as part of a regular series只发生一次的；一次完成的
[syn] one-shot
·It’s yours for a one-off payment of only£200.一次性仅付200英镑，它就是你的了。
51.confine
①to keep someone or something within the limits of a particular activity or subject把…局限于；把…限制于
·We confined our study to ten cases.我们把研究限定在十个案例以内。
②to keep someone in a place that they cannot leave, such as a prison监禁，禁闭
·Any soldier who leaves his post willbe confined to barracks (= made to stay in the barracks ) .任何擅离职守的士兵都要受到在营房里关禁闭的处罚。
③to stop something bad from spreading to another place限制，阻止
·Firefighters managed to confine the fire to the living room.消防队员设法把火势控制在起居室内。
Day12：
逻辑导图+神句翻译
1.The team contends that these bear more than a passing resemblance to the networks of bacteria that live in hydrothermal vents--- towering, crenellated structures that form in the deepocean above the boundaries between tectonic plates, where superheated mineral-laden water spurts up from beneath the seabed.
团队认为，这些和生活在承受着深海热液喷口水深火热的细菌网络有极其相似之处，深海热液喷口指在构造板块之间的边界以上的深海形成的高耸的，锯齿状的部分，富含矿物质的水从海底涌出。
该团队认为,这些和生活在深海热泉的细菌群落极为相似----深海热泉指的是:深海中构造板块交界边缘上方高耸锯齿型的部分,富含矿物质的水从海底喷涌而出。
Bear more than a passing resemblance to: passing指的是过关，及格线，more than a passing resemblance指远超及格线，非常相似。 这句句子结构相当复杂，从句套从句，还是提醒大家牢记就近原则，但是最后一个where打头的从句，前面一个逗号与破折号之间的部分是修饰hydrothermal vents的插入语，所以where修饰的也是hydrothermal vents。大家可以再仔细体会一下。
2.Such a find is doubly intriguing because hydrothermal vents are seen as a plausible candidate for the cradle of life.
这发现特别有趣是因为深海热液喷口被合理地认为是生命的起源地。
人们认为深海热泉很有可能是生命的摇篮，这就使得该发现显得更有意思。
.Plausible:有两种意思，一个偏褒义，另一个偏贬义，此处指appearing worthy of belief：eg. the argument was both powerful and plausible褒义
.建议大家好好研究下plausible的用法，高频词。
3.Although the sorts of bacteria apparently found by Dr. Papineau and his colleagues are too complicated to reveal much about the very earliest organisms, the suggestion that hydrothermal vents have played host to life for so long is a strike in the theory’s favor.
尽管Papineau教授发现的这类细菌非常复杂而无法探究更早期的生物体情况，但深海热液喷口孕育生命如此之久的证据支撑着这理论。
尽管P教授和同事们发现的这类细菌太过复杂，无法更深入的揭示早期生命体的情况，但依然表明深海热泉养育生命的历史甚为悠久，这是支撑该理论的有力依据。
Too....to...太......以致不能......You are too young to drive.你太年轻，还不能开车。
day13:
总结反思
一.文章概述
作者从提出地球是如何形成的出发，提出去年在格林兰岛发现的叠层石引起生命体的存在，围绕一个团队在密尼苏达州和挪威发现了新化石的研究与叠层石作对比，从而得出生命体形成的两种理——第一种是像植物一样将太阳能转化为自身所需的糖进行光合作用；另一种是从深海热泉周围溶解的化学物质进行反应而形成。由于科学家从保存完好的化石得出深海热泉附近生活着生物体，这种生物体利用海床喷出的矿物质或地壳喷出的化学物质维持生命体，并且从魁北克发现的细菌化石与哈德森湾的枕形玄武石极其相似，所以作者更倾向于第二种理论，认为此理论更具有说服力。最后提出若这种理论成立的话，那么是只存在于地球还是无论何处的开放性疑问。
二.反思
此次的topic的单词、短语和长句都令人烦恼，有很多术语单词。这次的长难句的分析是这几个topic里面最难的，又长破折号和定语从句又多，看得眼花，并且单独列出来分析之后，又因为单词和短语意思不解的问题没办法进行合理的翻译。画思维导图的时候这一新的题材着实难下手，从地球形成跳到化石发现再到生命体的形成，当时虽然知道怎么将整体归类，但却不知道逻辑。在看了笃师的示范导图之后就又发现自己的面对这类科技文的思维方式有问题。实在对这类相关知识特别陌生难以很好理解其内涵。不过不难发现文章的用语十分得严谨，由于对化石研究分析的不确定性，用词都相当考究，没有绝对性词汇。
还有很多单词和短语需要积累，这次印象最深的就是these bear more than a passing resemblance to的长句短语，再也不会忘了，因为自己翻译的时候简直是混乱的，和笃师的相差甚远。我对cradle of life 的理解是起源地，而笃师的是摇篮，我觉得都一样吧，只是笃师翻译的读起来更有文学性一点。无论如何就是两个字——积累，只有如此才能会越来越顺利地理解英语文章。
Fourth topic, Done!
