Who is the author?
没有思考,没有质疑,没有批判,没有争鸣,也就不会有思想。这几天读完了一本关乎批判性思考的一本书,受益颇多。作者是尼尔.布朗和斯图尔特.基利,分别是俄亥俄州鲍灵格林州立大学的经济学教授和心理学教授,在学术上颇有建树,真是强强联手啊(M. Neil Browne is a Distinguished Teaching Professor of Economics at Bowling Green State University. Stuart Keeley is a Professor in the Psychology department at Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH)
What is critical thinking?
首先,作者告诉了我们生活在这个时代,为什么要具备批判性思考能力?生活在这个信息泛滥的时代,我们不能完全依赖于专家,因为在很多时候他们也帮不了我们,专家有的时候其实也很"砖",更多的时候还是要依靠自己来解决问题,学会用批判的眼光来看待周围的事情于人于己都有益,所以当我们考虑一个问题时,不应该固执的认为只有二元对立论,即非黑即白,说不定黑白之间还有一个灰色地段呢,而我们又是否真正考虑到呢(In addition, practicing the critical-thinking questions enhances our growth of knowledge in general and helps us better discover the way the world is, how it could be better understood, and how we can make it a better world)。作者是这么解释的: 1.We are living in a noisy and confused world. 2.Experts cannot rescue us, despite what they say. 3.The necessity of relying on our own mind.那么什么是批判性思考呢?所谓的批判性思考是一种能联系起一系列相关问题的自我意识,是一种问问题的冲动和自我解决问题的能力,也就是作者所说的批判性思考的三维性。
Alternative thinking styles
接下来作者谈到了两种思维模式,即海绵式思维和淘金式思维(The sponge reacts to water, by absorbing /Panning for gold from gravel to separate the wheat from the chaff )海绵思维所强调的是一个信息吸收的过程,往往是被动的吸收,即看到什么就学什么,不加筛选地吸收信息,这个过程对于一个学习者来说往往是被动的,但也是作为输出信息的基础(the more information you absorb, the more capable you are of understanding the complexity of the world ),没有输入哪来的输出,输出是建立在输入的基础之上的。而淘金思维恰恰与之相反,往往是主动地,选择性地吸收信息(The author tries to speak to his readers and the readers should talk back to the author,which is an interactive process and then you should evaluate and revise your own initial beliefs. This is quite beneficial )
What is the value?
作为一个批判性思考者,应该具备什么样的价值观呢?作者认为应该具备一下四观: 1、autonomy. (自发性) 2、curiosity. (好奇心) 3、humility. (谦逊,不要得理不饶人哈) 4、respect (尊重他人) 作者用了这么一句话概括:We want to model curiosity and openness.我们应该保持一种好奇的心态和一种开放的胸怀,才能 creating a friendly atmosphere for communication,才能做到兼听则明。其实我还想加上一句:reverse role-playing is also of great necessity to be a good communicator.
Cognitive biases&Fallacies
看完这本书后,感触最深的当为这个话题了。作者在谈到认知偏差和逻辑谬论时谈到了Daniel Kahneman写的一本书叫”Thinking, Fast and Slow”, 他在书中提到了两种思考系统:
“System 1” is fast, instinctive and emotional; “System 2” is slower, more deliberative, and more logical.
System 2 thinking has the ability to overrule the judgments made by System 1. Our task is training our System 2 to not rely on System 1. Relying on System 1 is easy, and it saves us from our having to put in the work of analyzing and evaluating our perceptions. On the other hand, by our relying on System 1, we are sacrificing accuracy and wisdom for speed. The habit we want to form is asking ourselves, “Why am I thinking what I’m thinking?”读完感觉特有趣,尤其是偶尔时不时联想起发生在自己身边的事情感觉就越发有趣,我们在分析问题时大脑其实是由两部门分工合作的,即System 1和System 2,无论是哪一部门出了问题,都会直接影响一个人最终的思考,他们俩有时是孪生兄弟,互帮互助,而有时又像是冤家,老死不相往来,最终的结果是他们俩时而打架时而握手言和,我们的目标则是让彼此结为亲家而非冤家,冤冤相报何时了阿。System 1是偏向于感官的,偏向于个人经验的,是快而又不加思索的一个懒汉,属于认知偏差范围。而System 2则恰恰与之相反,是一个无比勤快的家伙,善于思考与分析,追求客观真理, 讲究logic,讲究rationale, 讲究evidence-based.属于逻辑谬论范围。认知偏差的原因作者归纳为9点: 1、think too quickly. 2、stereotype (固化思维) 3、mental habits that betray us (没想到吧) 4、halo effect (光环效应☞情人眼里出西施/爱屋及乌现象) 5、belief perseverance (老顽固派路线) 7、availability heuristic (启发式) 8、egocentrism (以自我为中心) 9、wishful thinking (你还在用"我以为”句式吗,a person is loyal to truth when he prefers concepts or facts he wish to be true rather than concepts or facts known to be true. a dangerous mental habit.) 这些"坑"作者归纳为"Speed Bumps "即减速带。当我们遇到减速带的时候,我们不妨慢下来(slow is quick ),给自己一点时间和空间去好好思考一下所发生在自己身边的事,这也是为了"安全驾驶"。当然从问题到结论少不了逻辑推理,即"issue ☞reasons ☞conclusion "任何不基于evidence-based 而得出的结论都是没有什么参考价值的,如作者所说"you can't determine the worth of a conclusion until you identify the reasons "像我们生活中经常流传着这样鼓励孩子的经典名句:“诚实是做人的第一美德”、“聪明出于勤奋,天才在于积累”、“书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟”等等。坦白说,这其实不是对孩子的鼓励,而是连成年人都快喝吐了的“鸡汤”。“鸡汤”的特点是空洞(descriptive /prescriptive language )、抽象、不具体,听上去很有道理,但仔细想来却都是“正确的废话”。如果把孩子换做你,你愿意整天听一个人唠唠叨叨地跟你说人生道理吗?当然,是不愿意。所以,还是少点"鸡汤,来点实在的吧" 要想实在,得有reasons 阿,作者在谈及说清楚一个问题时得问自己四个问题,分别是: 1、What is the issue and the conclusion? 2、What is the reasons? 3、What ambiguous words or phrases are? (we should firstly locate the terms and phrases 很重要) 4、What is the value and descriptive assumption ?(显得尤其重要) 谈到"the value and descriptive assumptions " 我想起了最近读的一本书《易中天中华史之三国纪》 ,易老师认为连很多作家和不少读者以为是"正能量"的忠义,也很可疑。什么是忠?臣忠于君,子忠于父,妻忠于夫(descriptive assumptions )。但,君要忠于臣吗?父要忠于子吗?夫要忠于妻吗?不用。请大家想一想,这难道不是"不平等关系吗" 义也大成问题。(value assumptions )道义,正义,仁义,信义,哪一个才是真义或大义?当这些"义"发生矛盾冲突时,又该如何?谁都没有解释,谁也说不清,也只能相机行事或者自作主张,你说我不仁,我说你不义。忠义变成了整人的武器。忠是单方面的人身依附,义则是多角度的任意解释。忠是不变的,义是多变的。结果,要么信口雌黄,要么弄虚作假。被高高举起的"道德旗帜"其实是罪魁祸首。 说的漂亮!