《经济学人》好文赏析：日本人口保卫战
读英文版《经济学人》，目的不外乎：学地道的英语写作、拓展全球视野。《日本人口保卫战》二者兼具，适合读者一文两吃。
本文精读由现象级社群·第三小组成员共同完成。标题副标题+1-3段来自自观问渠，4-5段来自陈玉梅，6-7段来自暗夜，8-9段来自哇~，10-12段来自立里。小伙伴的解析都各有风格，文本赏析最大程度的保留了小伙伴的个人特色。有任何问题，欢迎指正~
结构分析：
两个标题分析：
网页版：三个形容词rising, daunting, bold的叠加使日本的困局呼之欲出。债务飞涨、人口问题严峻、改革畏手畏脚，潜台词：安倍苦啊。
电子版：重点是问句，先转折（but）再问够用否（enough?），潜台词：前景黯淡。
总结：引用莎翁的话，Brevity is the soul of wit. 标题需要简单明了，用词注重实用。
学表达：人口相关，demography(noun),demographic(adj.), population
Demography(uncountable noun) is the study of changes in numbers of births, deaths, marriages, and cases of disease in a community over a period of time.
顺带讲照片，满脸沧桑的安倍眼神无力、欲说还休，脖子被画幅的边缘紧紧卡住，与“人口保卫战斗士”的标题对应，令人唏嘘。
文章解读：
Paragraph 1
①“THE DECLINE of the birth rate and the ageing of Japanese society is accelerating at unprecedented speed,”warns Shinzo Abe, Japan’s prime minister.②Given the scale of the problem, he told The Economist this week, the government must push for“impactful policies” to tackle it right away.③He mentions a series of reforms, intended to boost the workforce and reduce the cost of supporting the elderly.④The Diet is currently debating a government proposal to admit 345,000 foreign workers over five years,for instance.
段落大意：
日本首相安倍晋三称，日本出生率下降、人口老龄化加速，政府必须落实政策马上解决问题。政府改革推动就业、减低养老补贴，国会商议五年招收34.5万外国劳工。
赏析：开篇明义，首段是背景介绍。四句话时态分别为：现在进行时、一般过去时、一般现在时、现在进行时。前三句是安倍的话花样出现，第四句是政府举措，本段要点：时态的变化与引用的花样。
段落分析：
①“THE DECLINE of the birth rate and the ageing of Japanese society is accelerating at unprecedented speed,”warns Shinzo Abe, Japan’s prime minister.
第一句：下划线部分为句子主体结构，注意主语the decline and the ageing以整体看待，是单数。引用语在句首，主谓倒装值得注意（法语小伙伴们秒懂，法语里引用语也是倒装达人）。
词汇ageing也有另外的拼写aging，据维基百科https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing，两者无区别，ageing更常用。
②Given the scale of the problem, he told The Economist this week, the government must push for “impactful policies” to tackle it right away.
第二句：重点是间接引语和插入语的写法。
push for something: to request or demand something insistently.
当我们想说，秘书吵着要加薪的时候，就可以说：My secretary is pushing for a raise.
③He mentions a series of reforms, intended to boost the workforce and reduce the cost of supporting the elderly.
第三句：重点是高频词汇boost及老人的说法。
1. boost: to increase, raise.
之前提到的秘书要加薪，也可以说：My secretary wants to boost her salary.
注意boost与reduce一升一降的搭配使用，可以一起记忆(boost, increase, raise, reduce)。
2. 老人的说法本文中有两个：the elderly和older people，约定俗成，不容商榷。
3. 这句话对电子版副标题进行了paraphrase：
reduce the cost of supporting the elderly = trim spending on the elderly，标题里的trim something，作动词，意为“削减”。
④The Diet is currently debating a government proposal to admit 345,000 foreign workers over five years,for instance.
第四句：重点debate和admit两个动词的用法。
debate: to discuss (a motion), esp in a formal assembly. 常用discuss, deliberate, 加上debate, 凑个3D。
admit: to allow to enter, let in.
例句：Security personnel refused to admit him. 安检不让他进。
常见for instance放在句首，这里放在句尾，可以学以致用，提高写作的格调。
背景介绍：
日本国会（the Diet）：Diet of Japan is the national bicameral legislature of Japan. It is made up of a the House of Representatives (lower house) and the House of Councillors (upper house).
The members of both houses of the Diet are directly elected. The Diet selects the Prime Minister.
Paragraph 2
①That sounds dramatic, but the demographic decline is even bigger.②There are 400,000 more deaths than births each year.③Life expectancy is 84 years—the highest in the world. ④Over 28% of the population is older than 65,compared with 21% in Germany, 15% in America and 6% in India.⑤The country has 69,785 centenarians,a seven-fold increase on two decades ago.
段落大意：
人口骤减触目惊心。每年的死亡人口超出生人口40万。预期寿命全球最高，65岁以上人口超过28%。百岁老人近七万，比20年前增了六倍。
赏析：罗列数字说人口，以海量数据彰显学术范。本段学习如何表达数字、积累人口相关词汇。
段落分析：
①That sounds dramatic, but the demographic decline is even bigger.
第一句：头韵d很地道。词汇demographic decline搭配population decrease记忆，显然前者更有范。
②There are 400,000 more deaths than births each year.
第二句：死亡人数和出生人数的表达，注意death和birth的复数用法。
③Life expectancy is 84 years—the highest in the world.
第三句：对照中国的预期寿命（2018最新数据），为 live long and prosper而努力！
④Over 28% of the population is older than 65,compared with 21% in Germany, 15% in America and 6% in India.
第四句：
compare with: to consider the sameness or difference of sets of things or people.
compare to : to liken people or things to other people or things. 记忆法：听歌“Nothing Compares to You”，学学如何打动爱人。
⑤The country has 69,785 centenarians,a seven-fold increase on two decades ago.
第五句：centenarian，百岁老人。
倍数的复合词表达seven-fold，也可写作sevenfold，即使与increase连用，译为中文还是长了六倍。关于倍数，《中国翻译》曾有论文专门阐述。
Paragraph 3
①The welfare state has become unaffordable. ②Public debt is 250% of GDP. ③And Japan is suffering from an acute labour shortage. ④There are already 1.6 jobs for every job-seeker, and the workforce is predicted to shrink from 67m last year to 58m in 2030..
段落大意：
福利国家制度入不敷出（公债是GDP的2.5倍），难以为继。劳动力人口缺口大，工作比找工作的人多，劳动力人口预计未来呈缩减态势。
赏析：承接上段人口老龄化，本段讲政府缺钱缺人，从抽象统计数字回到现实的困局。以第三句开头的And为分水岭，①②缺钱，③④缺人。重点：从句数上看，写作每段四五句是常态，不要长篇累牍。学习长短句搭配（本段①②③是短句④是长句），一句话讲一件事，主语变化但连词俭省。
段落分析：
① The welfare state has become unaffordable.
第一句：词汇affordable（否定unaffordable）：that you have the financial means for，与low-cost, low-priced, cheap, inexpensive接近。这个词是联合国的心头好（soft spot），正式文件里的熟脸，常常译作“可负担”“经济适用”，例如affordable and clean energy, affordable housing。
背景介绍：
welfare state: a social system based on the assumption by a political state of primary responsibility for the individual and social welfare of its citizens
②Public debt is 250% of GDP.
第二句：短句的力量，可以背下来。替换Japan’s debt-to-GDP ratio is 250%.
背景介绍：
public debt(also known as government debt, national debt): the total amount of money that the government of a country owes to companies, countries, etc.
③And Japan is suffering from an acute labour shortage.
acute:of great importance or consequence; critical
例句：There is an acute shortage of funds. 严重缺钱
背景介绍：
In its narrowest definition, a labour shortage is an economic condition in which there are insufficient qualified candidates (employees) to fill the market-place demands for employment at any price. Such a condition is sometimes referred to by Economists as "an insufficiency in the labour force."注意：labour shortage有复数形式，建议记成labour shortages, 同义替换worker shortages。
④There are already 1.6 jobs for every job-seeker,and the workforce is predicted to shrink from 67m last year to 58m in 2030.
第四句：动词shrink常与数字搭配使用，shrink: to become reduced in amount or value; dwindle 例句：His earnings shrank. 收入减少。同义替换：shrink, decline, reduce。复合词job-seeker也可以写作jobseeker，可以与homeseeker搭配记忆。
Paragraph 4
①One obvious solution is immigration. ②Only 2% of the workforce is foreign-born, compared with 17% in America. ③But the government has been surreptitiously admitting more foreign workers, mostly in the guise of students and trainees. ④The plan before the Diet aims to attract blue-collar workers in 14 industries, including construction, shipbuilding and caring for the elderly. ⑤They will receive visas of no more than five years, at least initially, and will not be able to bring their families. ⑥All must have some proficiency in Japanese.
段落大意：
从第4段，文章开始阐述老龄化的解决问题。①一个显而易见的方案是移民。②句表达在日本外籍劳工显然很少，只有2%的劳动力是移民，这个数据远低于美国的17%。③But转折，日本政府给大多数外籍劳工冠上学生和实习生的名头，这句隐含的意思是事实上日本的外籍劳工的人数比统计的2%多，这也跟第5段第②句相呼应，他们之所以这么做是认为外来者不会是永久的移民，只是一些客籍工人。④国会的计划旨在吸引更多蓝领工作者从事建筑业、造船业、和护理老人等14个行业。⑤⑥句日本对移民设置了很苛刻的条件：首次签证不超过5年，不允许带着家人，还要精通日语。
从这一段可以看出日本对以移民去填补国内劳动力空缺这个方法很不感冒,那么他们想以什么样的方式去填补劳动力缺口呢?
段落分析：
①.proficiency in ... 精通某种语言
我的目标是精通英语可以表达为: My aim is to acquire proficiency in English.
②.But the government has been surreptitiously admitting more foreign workers, mostly in the guise of students and trainees.
这句话描述的很形象，指出了日本政府不愿意光明正大承认外籍工人，而是以学生和实习生来掩盖他们的身份。
surreptitious：A surreptitious action is done secretly. 可以代替secretly
in the guise of 假借，以...为幌子，以...的名义
联想国企：企业不能给员工光明正大的发放福利，而是以饭补和车补的名义发放，这个时候我们就可以说：
State-owned enterprises have been surreptitiously admitting more staff-welfare, mostly in the guise of food and commute allowances.
Paragraph 5：
①Mr Abe plays down the idea that he is doing anything momentous. ②In debates he is at pains to stress that the new arrivals are not permanent immigrants, but guest workers. ③Moreover, he portrays foreign workers as a last resort,to fill gaps while the government tries to get more Japanese to work. ④During his six-year tenure, 2m more women have joined the workforce,lifting the female participation rate above America’s. ⑤He has increased the number of nurseries and made big companies document their efforts to promote female workers. ⑥From next year nurseries will be free. ⑦Over half of women return to work after having a child, compared with 38% in 2010. ⑧“We have tried to make a society that enables more women to be active, advanced and empowered,” he says.
段落大意：
①-③表达安倍对采用移民方式解决日本老龄化问题的态度。他在淡化移民政策的影响，费尽心思强调外来者不是永久移民，而是外籍工人，并指出外籍工人是最后一个可行的填补劳动力缺口的解决办法。④-⑧阐述安倍在任期为了提高已育女性工作人数比率所做的努力。在他6年任期内，超过200万妇女进入职场，使女性工作者任职的比率超过了美国。增加托儿所的数量并要求大公司记录他们为提拔女性工作者所做的努力。明年起，所有的托儿所都将免费。相较于2010年的38%，已有超过50%的已育女性重返职场。日本将会营造一个让女性更活跃、更进步、享有更多权利的社会。
段落分析：
① play something down
definition: to try to make something seem less important or less likely than it really is 使....看起来不那么重要，贬低，对...轻描淡写
由于销售业绩不好，管理层一直在淡化降低员工薪水的可能性，这时候我们就可以说：
Because of the depressed sales, the management has been playing down the possibility of salary decrease.
② be at pains to do sth 苦心经营,费力的做某事
近义词:take pains to do sth
她费尽心思的强调她是无辜的。She is at pains to stress that she is innocent.
③ portray sb/sth as sth：
definition: to describe or show someone or something in a particular way, according to your opinion of them.把某人/某物描写成某种样子
近义词:depict
小说《再见，契普斯先生》是这样描绘契普斯先生的事业，体面的职业生涯，体面的结束。The fiction ,Good bye, Mr. Chips, portrays Chips'work as "a decent career, decently closed".
④ last/final resort：
definition: what you will do if everything else fails （其他办法都失败后采用的）最后的办法
这部分钱只有在没有其他办法时，才会动用。This part of money will be used only in the last resort.
⑤ lift
看到这个单词倍感亲切,想到了在 "I Have a Dream" 中背到的那句: Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.
Paragraph 6
①Mr Abe also wants people to “remain active without retirement throughout their lives”. ②His government is likely to raise the retirement age for civil servants from 60 to 65, and to encourage companies to do the same. ③As it is, many companies have raised their retirement ages or taken to rehiring retired workers, often on a part-time basis. ④ Fully 23% of over-65s work; they constitute a much bigger share of the workforce than in other rich countries (see chart). ⑤Mr Abe plans to bolster this trend by increasing the public pension for those who agree to start drawing it later than they are currently entitled to. ⑥In the long run, the prime minister hopes, robots and artificial intelligence will help ease the labour shortage. ⑦“I do think that we will need fewer jobs because of higher productivity.”
段落大意：
①句表明安倍的态度，希望人们在退休后也持续工作；②句表达政府的措施；③句表达企业的措施；④句表达退休人员继续工作的现状；⑤句表达了安倍政府鼓励这个措施实行的方式；⑥句表达了从长远来看，在技术上的发展可以改善劳动力短缺的问题；⑦句表达了安倍在技术可以补充劳动力这件事上的信心。
段落分析：
①. Mr Abe also wants people to “remain active without retirement throughout their lives”.
throughout：during the whole period of time of sth
throughout one's life 毕生, 整个一生中；相对于使用 in one's life，使用 throughout 更有时间上的纵向延伸感。
③.As it is, many companies have raised their retirement ages or taken to rehiring retired workers, often on a part-time basis.
as it is: in the actual state of affairs and often contrary to expectations，表达了非公众所希望的，公司已经开始实行延迟退休和返聘了。
take to doing：开始比较规律的做某事
⑤Mr Abe plans to bolster this trend by increasing the public pension for those who agree to start drawing it later than they are currently entitled to.
draw: 提取，支取，领取（存款）；领取（薪水等）。原句中 draw later 对应 currently entitled
当我们要表达，他就要领取养老金了，就可以这么说：
He is moving ever closer to drawing his pension.
Paragraph 7
①Getting older people to work for longer is especially beneficial to the government’s finances,since it leads both to higher tax revenue and lower spending on pensions.② Mr Abe’s tweaks are the latest in a series of changes intended to make the pension system more affordable.③ But the government is always playing catch-up, as the ageing of the population and shrinking of the workforce accelerate. ④It reckons social-welfare costs will rise by more than half by 2040, from ¥121trn ($1.06trn) to ¥190trn.
段落大意:
①句表达了延迟退休和返聘对政府财政的积极作用；②句表达了安倍政府对此作出的努力；③句表达了虽然政府在努力，但是不足以解决劳动力缺乏和老龄化的问题；④句是对③句的数据支持。
段落分析：
①Getting older people to work for longer is especially beneficial to the government’s finances,since it leads both to higher tax revenue and lower spending on pensions.
since conj. 因为，由于，既然。可以替换because; as; as long as 等表示原因的连词
② Mr Abe’s tweaks are the latest in a series of changes intended to make the pension system more affordable.
tweak： v./n. 稍稍改进，对。。。做微调
比如写文章的时候，最后需要修饰一下，就可以用tweak表示。
When you finish writing a paper, it's a good idea to go back through one last time, to tweak it and make sure it's absolutely perfect.
③ But the government is always playing catch-up, as the ageing of the population and shrinking of the workforce accelerate.
catch up: the act of trying to reach the same level or standard as somebody who is ahead of you
用play catch-up，表达出政府一直在补救劳动力不足及人口老龄化的问题，连接了下文对安倍政策面对的一些困难的描述。
Paragraph 8
①Mr Abe appears to be planning sweeping changes to put the welfare state on a firmer footing. ②“There will be an overall social-security reform, including health and medicine, pension and others,” he says.③“We are trying to create a society and community where people can remain healthy and active…and find meaning in staying alive and living long.”
段落大意：
安倍将对社会保障制度进行彻底改革。 ①承接上一段，表明安倍准备对福利制度进行彻底的改革。②承接上一句，表明改革涉及的内容，③句继续补充，陈述安倍想达成的目的：让国民过上健康有意义的生活。
段落分析：
1.sweeping: sweep做动词原意是扫地的意思，如果一个想法“扫过”了一个地方就是迅速流行起来，席卷，比如这两天因为D&G事件，爱国主义席卷了全国就可以表达为The wave of patriotism swept the country.
sweeping做形容词，是范围广的，彻底的，影响深远的改革。和后文出现的overall social-security reform是同样的意思
同义词：broad, comprehensive, extensive, wide
2. footing的本意是站稳，比如他竭力在打滑的地面上站稳就可以表达为：He struggled to keep his footing on the slippery floor。引申义则为根基，基础，在…基础上；比如男性和女性应该在平等的基础上竞争工作岗位。Men and women should be able to compete on an equal footing.
文中出现的 put sth on a …footing 也是固定搭配，
例：He wanted to put their relationship on a permanent footing.
同义 basis，condition基于牢固的基础
Paragraph 9
①Yet in practice Mr Abe is being cautious. ②Even after the retirement age increases, it will still be lower than in many other rich countries. ③Moreover, the current system discourages those over 65 from working more than part-time since their pension is reduced if their income from it and their salary exceeds 460,000 yen ($4,039) a month. ④It is not clear whether this will change. ⑤The government has modified but not eliminated a tax quirk that discourages married women from earning more than a relatively lowly amount. ⑥By the same token, the share of medical expenses that patients must pay under the public health-care system falls as they get older, imposing a big burden on the state.⑦There are various ways the government could reduce its health-care bill, including increasing premiums for the public insurance scheme, raising patients’ co-payments for treatments and excluding some expensive procedures from the scheme.
段落大意：
安倍的改革行动需要再大胆一些。①句转折上一段，安倍的实际行动非常谨慎。②③举例，比如退休年龄虽然提高了，但和其他发达国家比还是小很多；如果超过65岁还正式上班或打零工工资超过一定金额，发放的养老金就会减少。④句承上启下，不知道这种情形今后是否会改变。⑤⑥继续举例，政府修改了，但并没有废除对已婚女性那点工资征收税；老人年龄越大他需要自己付的医药费越少，给政府的压力更大。⑦政府减少医疗保障支出的方法。
段落分析：
1. discourage,反义是encourage，这里是阻挠，不允许的意思。注意不能说 discourage sb to do sth，固定的配搭是discourage sb from doing sth
比如我爸是律师，他不让我进入该行业 ,就可以表达为：My father is a lawyer, and he discouraged me from entering the field.
2. lowly 注意这是个形容词，意思是卑微的，低级的，无足轻重的。比如他在饭店的第一份工作是一个小门童His first job in the hotel was as a lowly porter.
3. by the same token 可替换in a similar way
4. 这一段用了很多例子来说明安倍在实际行动上是cautious的。我们在举多个例子的时候可以使用Moreover，by the same token进行连接。
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①Yet Mr Abe only hints at the need for any of this. ②“We are not thinking about immediately raising the co-payment for medical and health services,” he says. ③“But there must be a careful review of the balance between the contribution and benefit.” ④Those who take action to prevent illness, such as regular exercise, could be rewarded. ⑤“We would like to think about the incentives—what should be done to the contributions that have to be paid by the people who adopt habits to prevent diseases,” he says.
段落大意：
①句表明安倍的态度：上一段提到的一些措施并不是非常紧迫。②③句是对安倍观点的引用：他们并没有打算立马实施医疗健康服务的共同支付方案，但是供款和福利之间的平衡是需要再认真审视的。④句表示，坚持锻炼者需要得到鼓励。⑤句又是引用：他们正在想新的刺激机制，那些坚持运动抵抗疾病的人的供款可以如何安排。
段落分析：
1.If you hint at something,you suggest it in an indirect way.
hint除了做名词表示”暗示”，”好主意”以外，还可以做动词表达”暗示，示意”，通常和介词at搭配：
Criticism is hinted at, but never made explicit. 批评总是含沙射影，但从未明说。
2.review最熟悉的用法是做名词，表示复习。在这里指的是审查，审核。
The White House quickly announced that the policy is under review.白宫很快宣布该项政策正在审核中。
3.contribution和benefit。contribution这里指的不是贡献，付出，而是指的养老金制度里面的供款，比如养老金固定缴款计划就是”defined contribution plan”；benefit指的不是益处，好处，也是指的养老金制度里的福利和津贴。contribution意思弄懂，这段话的最后一句话才不会出现理解偏差：有的人坚持运动，同时也按时缴纳养老金，他们退休之后身体很好，不需要动用医疗补贴，所以对于他们支付的缴款，安倍提出，可以有一定的鼓励和奖赏机制。
paragraph 11
①This caution is excessive. ②Pushing back the retirement age is not as controversial in Japan as elsewhere. ③A government poll conducted in 2017 found that 42% of people aged 60 or more who work want to continue to do so. ④Although some politicians fret about foreigners bringing crime and disturbing social harmony, the majority of the population approves of Mr Abe’s plans to admit more foreign workers.
段落大意：
①句里的this caution 指的是第九段提到过的“Abe is being cautious”，安倍的担心是有些多余的。②句解释在其他国家，提高退休年龄会引发争议，但是在日本就不一样了。③④句详细解释原因：17年的民意调查表明60岁及以上还在职场的民众里，42%都愿意继续工作；并且大多数日本国民都肯定安倍接收更多外籍工作人员的计划，尽管一些政客担心外来人员会带来犯罪和扰乱社会安定。
段落分析：
1.excessive 过分的，过多的。This caution is excessive. 段首句简单清晰，并且和前文的cautious有所呼应。
2. 第二句里可以提炼句型doing sth is not as controversial in xxx as elsewhere，一件事情在其他地方有争议，但是在xxx地方是行得通的，可以体现地方特色。
比如当我们想说在中国子女照顾赡养父母的义务可能要被写入法律这一举措，在其他国家可能会引起争议，但是在中国不会，就可以说：
Enforcing the law that children are obliged to look after their parents economically and emotionally is not as controversial in China as elsewhere.
3. fret，不及物动词，担忧，和worry about，concern有一点不同的是，字典里表明fret通常是过分担忧，或者担忧没必要的事情。
可以和about，over一起使用：
She is always fretting about/over her newly-born child. 她总是在担心自己刚出生的婴儿。
还可以说fret that：
Men in their fifties always fret that they are no longer young. 人到中年，总是担心自己已经不够年轻。
口语中还有两个用fret表示不用担心的表达：
Don’t fret.
Fret not.
4. approve做“批准，通过”一项法案，决定的时候，是及物动词：
MPs approved the Bill by a majority of 97. 议员们以97票的多数票通过了该议案。
做“赞同”的时候，是不及物动词，和of搭配：
I don’t approve of cosmetic surgery. 我不赞成整形。
paragraph 12
①Mr Abe wants Japan to be a model for other ageing societies. ②He has done more than his predecessors to prepare for a smaller, older population. ③The danger is that Japan will become an example of a country that has done too little, too late.
段落大意：
文章最后一段三句话：①句表明安倍的决心：想要日本成为其他老龄化国家的楷模，②句肯定安倍在解决日本老龄化问题上的成就，③句表明对现状的担忧：日本也有可能做的太少，做的太晚，不是成为一个楷模，而是要成为一个可以吸取失败教训的例子了。
段落分析：
1. 从这段话里可以学习paraphrase，同义词替换的表达，老龄化社会可以说aging society, 也可以说a smaller, older population，人口一方面在减少，另一方面老龄化人口增多，表达简单但是很准确。
2. 最后一句话可以学到这个表达：…is an example that has done too little, too late.。。。是做的太少，做的太晚的例子。
比如高考前一个月才认真开始复习，那就是做的太少，做的太晚：
Start studying merely one month before the College Entrance Examination is an example of a student that has done too little, too late.
Leader VS Asia
同样的话题“日本老龄化问题”出现在了Leader和Asia部分，Leader部分篇幅小，表达简洁。Asia部分篇幅长，描述详细，所以两篇可以一起看，学习如何来paraphrase，用不同的单词表达相同的意思。
比如Leader部分下面这句话，是对日本老龄化现状简洁的描述。用的是一连串的动词age，shrink，soar，go bust，empty，表达简洁生动：
They worry that, as the country ages and its population shrinks, health bills will soar, the pension system will go bust, villages will empty and there will be too few youngsters to care for the elderly.
Leader部分爱用动词，比如表述日本的三个举措来提高劳动力数量，是这么写的：
There are three ways to achieve this: persuade current workers to labour longer, encourage more women to enter the workforce and let in more immigrants.
安倍想让日本成为一个老龄化社会的治理模范，Leader和Asia部分分别是这么写的：
Japan's prime minister, Shinzo Abe, says he wants his country to be a model of how to make ultra-long lives fulfilling—and affordable. （Leader）
Mr Abe wants Japan to be a model for other ageing societies. （Asia）
日本劳动力短缺，1.6个职位对应一个求职者，Leader和Asia部分分别是这么写的：
There are a stunning 1.6 vacancies for every jobseeker. （Leader）
There are already 1.6 jobs for every job-seeker. （Asia）
日本国内有人担心外籍劳工给社会带来不稳定，Leader和Asia部分分别是这么写的：
Some fret that foreigners will make Japan less safe and harmonious, but there is no evidence of this. （Leader）
Although some politicians fret about foreigners bringing crime and disturbing social harmony. （Asia）
一个是fret about，一个是fret that；
一个是bring crime and disturbing social harmony, 一个是make less safe and harmonious
完全是paraphrase的优秀典范~
