Flutter-widget生命周期
生命周期基本概念
什么是生命周期
- 本质是回调方法(函数)
- 让开发者知道这个widget它处于什么样的状态
有什么作用
1.监听widget的事件
2.初始化数据
- 创建数据
- 发送网络请求
3.内存管理 - 销毁数据,销毁监听者
- 销毁timer等等
widget的生命周期
StatelessWidget
class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
final String title;
MyHomePage({this.title}) {
print('构造函数被调用了!');
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
print('build方法被调用了!');
return Center(
child: Text(title),
);
}
}
打印结果
flutter: 构造函数被调用了!
flutter: build方法被调用了!
StatefulWidget
包含两个对象Widget,State
class MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {
final String title;
MyHomePage({this.title}) {
print('构造函数被调用了!');
}
@override
_MyHomePageState createState() => _MyHomePageState();
}
class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
int _count = 0;
_MyHomePageState() {
print('State构造方法来了!');
}
@override
void initState() {
print('State的init来了!');
super.initState();
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
print('State的build来了!');
return Column(
children: <Widget>[
RaisedButton(
child: Icon(Icons.add),
onPressed: () {
_count++;
setState(() {});
},
),
Text('$_count'),
],
);
}
@override
void didChangeDependencies() {
print('didChangeDependencies');
super.didChangeDependencies();
}
//当State对象从渲染树中移出的时候,就会调用!即将销毁!
@override
void deactivate() {
super.deactivate();
}
@override
void dispose() {
print('State的dispose');
super.dispose();
}
}
打印结果
flutter: 构造函数被调用了!
flutter: State构造方法来了!
flutter: State的init来了!
flutter: didChangeDependencies
flutter: State的build来了!
从上面的demo可以看出StatefulWidget中函数调用顺序为
1.Widget构造方法
2.Widget的CreateState
3.State的构造方法
4.State的initState方法
- initState是StatefulWidget创建完后调用的第一个方法,而且只执行一次
- didChangeDependencies方法(改变依赖关系)
- 在StatefulWidget第一次创建的时候didChangeDependencies会被调用一次, 会在initState方法之后会被立即调用
- 从其他对象中依赖一些数据发生改变时, 比如所依赖的InheritedWidget状态发生改变时, 也会被调用
6.State的build方法
当调用setState方法,会重新调用build方法进行渲染
7.当State对象从渲染树中移出的时候,会先调用deactivate(),即将销毁,然后调用dispose()
8当Widget销毁的时候,调用State的dispose
didChangeDependencies()
这里我们看一个demo
class InheritedDemo extends StatefulWidget {
@override
_InheritedDemoState createState() => _InheritedDemoState();
}
class _InheritedDemoState extends State<InheritedDemo> {
int count = 1;
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Column(
children: <Widget>[
Test1(count),
RaisedButton(
child: Text('我是按钮'),
//setState!
onPressed: () => setState(() {
count++;
}),
)
],
);
}
}
class Test1 extends StatelessWidget {
final count;
Test1(this.count);
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Test2(count);
}
}
class Test2 extends StatelessWidget {
final count;
Test2(this.count);
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Test3(count);
}
}
class Test3 extends StatefulWidget {
final count;
Test3(this.count);
@override
_Test3State createState() => _Test3State();
}
class _Test3State extends State<Test3> {
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Text(widget.count.toString());
}
@override
void didChangeDependencies() {
print('didChangeDependencies');
super.didChangeDependencies();
}
}
这里widget树层级非常多,一层一层的传递count,会很繁琐,这里我们可以使用数据共享的方式(也可以成为状态管理),使用InheritedWidget,能做到其子Widget能共享InheritedWidget的数据
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
//数据共享!
class MyData extends InheritedWidget {
MyData({this.data, Widget child}) : super(child: child);
final int data; //需要在子Widget中共享的数据!
//提供一个方法让子Widget访问的共享数据!
static MyData of(BuildContext context) {
return context.dependOnInheritedWidgetOfExactType<MyData>();
}
@override
bool updateShouldNotify(MyData oldWidget) {
//如果数据发生变化,其依赖InheritedWidget的子Widget就能收到通知,子Widget就会调用build()
return oldWidget.data != data;
}
}
class InheritedDemo extends StatefulWidget {
@override
_InheritedDemoState createState() => _InheritedDemoState();
}
class _InheritedDemoState extends State<InheritedDemo> {
int count = 1;
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
////Column被包在了MyData中,MyData其子Widget 都能使用 data字段
return MyData(
data: count,
child: Column(
children: <Widget>[
Test1(),
RaisedButton(
child: Text('我是按钮'),
//setState!
onPressed: () => setState(() {
count++;
}),
)
],
),
);
}
}
class Test1 extends StatelessWidget {
// final count;
// Test1(this.count);
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Test2();
}
}
class Test2 extends StatelessWidget {
// final count;
// Test2(this.count);
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Test3();
}
}
class Test3 extends StatefulWidget {
// final count;
// Test3(this.count);
@override
_Test3State createState() => _Test3State();
}
class _Test3State extends State<Test3> {
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Text(MyData.of(context).data.toString());
}
@override
void didChangeDependencies() {
print('didChangeDependencies');
super.didChangeDependencies();
}
}
这时候我们再点击按钮改变count值时,发现每次都会调用didChangeDependencies()方法,日常开发中Theme.of(context).textTheme;、MediaQuery.of(context).size;都是使用这个技术。
Flutter渲染原理
在flutter渲染过程中,有三颗重要的树,Widget树,Element树,Render树。下面是flutter中三种树结构
Widget树
- 在整个Flutter项目结构也是由很多个Widget构成的, 本质上就是一个Widget Tree
- 在上面的类似Widget Tree结构中, 很可能会有大量的Widget在树结构中存在引用关系, 而且每个Widget所依赖的配置和状态发生改变的时候, Widget都会重新build, Widget会被不断的销毁和重建,那么意味着这棵树非常不稳定
- 所以Flutter Engin也不可能直接把Widget渲染到界面上, 这是极其损耗性能的, 所以在渲染层面Flutter引用了另外一个树结构RenderObject Tree
Render树
- 每一个RenderObject都是渲染树上的一个对象
- RenderObject层是渲染库的核心, 最终Flutter Engin是把RenderObject真正渲染到界面上的,flutter引擎是针对Render树进行渲染,要注意并不是所有的Widget都会被独立渲染,只有继承RenderObjectWidget的才会创建RenderObject对象。
Element树
- Element是Widget在树中具有特定位置的是实例化
- Element Tree中的每一个Element是和Widget Tree中的每一个Widget一一对应的
- 当Widget Tree所依赖的状态发生改变(更新或者重新创建Widget)的时候, Element根据拿到之前所保存的旧的Widget和新的Widget做一个对比, 判断两者的Key和类型是否是相同的, 相同的就不需要重新创建, 有需要的话, 只需要更新对应的属性,并将真正需要修改的部分同步到真实的RenderObject树中,最大程度降低对真实渲染视图的修改,提高渲染效率,而不是销毁整个渲染视图树重建。
简而言之,Widget 树就是配置信息的树,我们平时写代码写的就是这棵树,RenderObject 树是渲染树,负责计算布局,绘制,Flutter 引擎就是根据这棵树来进行渲染的,Element 树作为中间者,管理着将 Widget 生成 RenderObject和一些更新操作。
对象的创建过程
Widget
来到Widget 类里面可以看到有以下方法,所以每一个Widget都会创建一个Element对象,它会隐式调用createElement方法,将Element加入Element树中。
@protected
@factory
Element createElement();
我们再看一下Column,可以看到它继承自Flex,Flex继承自MultiChildRenderObjectWidget,MultiChildRenderObjectWidget继承自RenderObjectWidget,点进去可以看到里面有一个方法createRenderObject和创建RenderObjectElement的方法
abstract class RenderObjectWidget extends Widget {
/// Abstract const constructor. This constructor enables subclasses to provide
/// const constructors so that they can be used in const expressions.
const RenderObjectWidget({ Key? key }) : super(key: key);
/// RenderObjectWidgets always inflate to a [RenderObjectElement] subclass.
@override
@factory
RenderObjectElement createElement();
/// Creates an instance of the [RenderObject] class that this
/// [RenderObjectWidget] represents, using the configuration described by this
/// [RenderObjectWidget].
///
/// This method should not do anything with the children of the render object.
/// That should instead be handled by the method that overrides
/// [RenderObjectElement.mount] in the object rendered by this object's
/// [createElement] method. See, for example,
/// [SingleChildRenderObjectElement.mount].
@protected
@factory
RenderObject createRenderObject(BuildContext context);
在mount方法中会调用createRenderObject方法,来创建RenderObject
@override
void mount(Element? parent, dynamic newSlot) {
super.mount(parent, newSlot);
assert(() {
_debugDoingBuild = true;
return true;
}());
_renderObject = widget.createRenderObject(this);
assert(() {
_debugDoingBuild = false;
return true;
}());
assert(() {
_debugUpdateRenderObjectOwner();
return true;
}());
assert(_slot == newSlot);
attachRenderObject(newSlot);
_dirty = false;
}
我们再看一下常用的StatefulWidget和StatelessWidget
- StatelessWidget
这里会创建一个StatelessElement,继承自ComponentElement
abstract class StatelessWidget extends Widget {
/// Initializes [key] for subclasses.
const StatelessWidget({ Key? key }) : super(key: key);
/// Creates a [StatelessElement] to manage this widget's location in the tree.
///
/// It is uncommon for subclasses to override this method.
@override
StatelessElement createElement() => StatelessElement(this);
这里可以看到在创建Element之后, 创建出来的elment会拿到传过来的widget, 然后调用widget自己的build方法, 这也就是为什么所有的Widget创建出来之后都会调用build方法的原因
class StatelessElement extends ComponentElement {
/// Creates an element that uses the given widget as its configuration.
StatelessElement(StatelessWidget widget) : super(widget);
@override
StatelessWidget get widget => super.widget as StatelessWidget;
@override
Widget build() => widget.build(this);
@override
void update(StatelessWidget newWidget) {
super.update(newWidget);
assert(widget == newWidget);
_dirty = true;
rebuild();
}
}
- StatefulWidget
这里会创建一个StatefulElement,它继承自ComponentElement
abstract class StatefulWidget extends Widget {
/// Initializes [key] for subclasses.
const StatefulWidget({ Key? key }) : super(key: key);
/// Creates a [StatefulElement] to manage this widget's location in the tree.
///
/// It is uncommon for subclasses to override this method.
@override
StatefulElement createElement() => StatefulElement(this);
/// Creates the mutable state for this widget at a given location in the tree.
///
/// Subclasses should override this method to return a newly created
/// instance of their associated [State] subclass:
///
/// ```dart
/// @override
/// _MyState createState() => _MyState();
/// ```
///
/// The framework can call this method multiple times over the lifetime of
/// a [StatefulWidget]. For example, if the widget is inserted into the tree
/// in multiple locations, the framework will create a separate [State] object
/// for each location. Similarly, if the widget is removed from the tree and
/// later inserted into the tree again, the framework will call [createState]
/// again to create a fresh [State] object, simplifying the lifecycle of
/// [State] objects.
@protected
@factory
State createState(); // ignore: no_logic_in_create_state, this is the original sin
}
StatefulElement会调用widget的createState(),这里调用build的时候,调用的是state中的build方法:
/// An [Element] that uses a [StatefulWidget] as its configuration.
class StatefulElement extends ComponentElement {
/// Creates an element that uses the given widget as its configuration.
StatefulElement(StatefulWidget widget)
: state = widget.createState(),
super(widget) {
assert(() {
if (!state._debugTypesAreRight(widget)) {
throw FlutterError.fromParts(<DiagnosticsNode>[
ErrorSummary('StatefulWidget.createState must return a subtype of State<${widget.runtimeType}>'),
ErrorDescription(
'The createState function for ${widget.runtimeType} returned a state '
'of type ${state.runtimeType}, which is not a subtype of '
'State<${widget.runtimeType}>, violating the contract for createState.'
),
]);
}
return true;
}());
assert(state._element == null);
state._element = this;
assert(
state._widget == null,
'The createState function for $widget returned an old or invalid state '
'instance: ${state._widget}, which is not null, violating the contract '
'for createState.',
);
state._widget = widget;
assert(state._debugLifecycleState == _StateLifecycle.created);
}
@override
Widget build() => state.build(this);
- BuildContext
从上面的代码可以看到build方法传入的参数都是Element,所以本质上BuildContext就是当前的Element
Key的原理
我们之前创建的每一个Widget, 在其构造方法中我们都会看到一个参数Key,那个这个key有什么作用呢,我们下面就来看下
abstract class StatefulWidget extends Widget {
/// Initializes [key] for subclasses.
const StatefulWidget({ Key? key }) : super(key: key);
先看一个demo,希望每次点击按钮后删除数组第一个元素,先看第一种实现方式,用StatelessWidget,可以看到运行效果正常,依次删除
class KeyDemo extends StatefulWidget {
@override
_KeyDemoState createState() => _KeyDemoState();
}
class _KeyDemoState extends State<KeyDemo> {
List<Widget> items = [
StlItem(
'aaaaa',
),
StlItem(
'bbbbb',
),
StlItem(
'ccccc',
),
];
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
title: Text('keyDemo'),
),
body: Row(
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
children: items,
),
floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
child: Icon(Icons.add),
onPressed: () {
setState(() {
items.removeAt(0);
});
},
),
);
}
}
//做一个正方形!
class StlItem extends StatelessWidget {
final title;
StlItem(this.title);
final _color = Color.fromRGBO(
Random().nextInt(256), Random().nextInt(256), Random().nextInt(256), 1.0);
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Container(
width: 100,
height: 100,
color: _color,
child: Text(title),
);
}
}
现在我们用StatefulWidget来做一个正方形,点击按钮删除时,发生了一个神奇的事,删除的第一条数据,但是从颜色上看,是删除了最后一条,好像复用了
class StfulItem extends StatefulWidget {
final title;
StfulItem(this.title, {Key key}) : super(key: key);
@override
_StfulItemState createState() => _StfulItemState();
}
class _StfulItemState extends State<StfulItem> {
final _color = Color.fromRGBO(
Random().nextInt(256), Random().nextInt(256), Random().nextInt(256), 1.0);
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Container(
width: 100,
height: 100,
color: _color,
child: Text(widget.title),
);
}
}
查看Widget源码,里面有段代码,是否要更新Element是由这个方法决定的,做到增量更新
static bool canUpdate(Widget oldWidget, Widget newWidget) {
return oldWidget.runtimeType == newWidget.runtimeType
&& oldWidget.key == newWidget.key;
}
当不设置key的是时候,右边的element会从前面第一个依次判断比较,第一个Element跟之前第二个widget比较,canUpdate返回true,所以Element中对应的State引用也没有发生改变,第一个Element指向之前的第二个widget,第二个Element指向之前的第三个widget,第三个Element被干掉
我们在之前的基础上,为每一个StfulItem添加一个key
List<Widget> items = [
StfulItem(
'aaaaa',
key: ValueKey(111),
),
StfulItem(
'bbbbb',
key: ValueKey(222),
),
StfulItem(
'ccccc',
key: ValueKey(333),
),
];
运行代码,效果正常,根据runtimeType和key进行比对, 和新的Widget Tree相同的会被继续复用, 否则就会删除
Key的分类
Key本身是一个抽象类,子类包含LocalKey和GlobalKey。
- LocalKey
1.ValueKey,以一个数据作为Key,如:数字,字符class ValueKey<T> extends LocalKey { /// Creates a key that delegates its [operator==] to the given value. const ValueKey(this.value); /// The value to which this key delegates its [operator==] final T value; @override bool operator ==(Object other) { if (other.runtimeType != runtimeType) return false; return other is ValueKey<T> && other.value == value; }
2.ObjectKey,以object对象作为Key,例如 ObjectKey(Text('222')),
class ObjectKey extends LocalKey {
/// Creates a key that uses [identical] on [value] for its [operator==].
const ObjectKey(this.value);
/// The object whose identity is used by this key's [operator==].
final Object? value;
@override
bool operator ==(Object other) {
if (other.runtimeType != runtimeType)
return false;
return other is ObjectKey
&& identical(other.value, value);
}
3.UniqueKey 可以保证key的唯一性(一旦使用UniqueKey那么就不存在Element复用了)
class UniqueKey extends LocalKey {
/// Creates a key that is equal only to itself.
///
/// The key cannot be created with a const constructor because that implies
/// that all instantiated keys would be the same instance and therefore not
/// be unique.
// ignore: prefer_const_constructors_in_immutables , never use const for this class
UniqueKey();
@override
String toString() => '[#${shortHash(this)}]';
}
- GlobalKey
GlobalKey 可以获取到对应的widget的state对象
GlobalKey 使用了一个静态常量 Map 来保存它对应的 Element。你可以通过 GlobalKey 找到持有该GlobalKey的 Widget,State 和 Element。
需要注意:GlobalKey 是非常昂贵的,需要谨慎使用。
abstract class GlobalKey<T extends State<StatefulWidget>> extends Key {
/// Creates a [LabeledGlobalKey], which is a [GlobalKey] with a label used for
/// debugging.
///
/// The label is purely for debugging and not used for comparing the identity
/// of the key.
factory GlobalKey({ String? debugLabel }) => LabeledGlobalKey<T>(debugLabel);
/// Creates a global key without a label.
///
/// Used by subclasses because the factory constructor shadows the implicit
/// constructor.
const GlobalKey.constructor() : super.empty();
static final Map<GlobalKey, Element> _registry = <GlobalKey, Element>{};
static final Set<Element> _debugIllFatedElements = HashSet<Element>();
// This map keeps track which child reserves the global key with the parent.
// Parent, child -> global key.
// This provides us a way to remove old reservation while parent rebuilds the
// child in the same slot.
static final Map<Element, Map<Element, GlobalKey>> _debugReservations = <Element, Map<Element, GlobalKey>>{};
这里我们看一个使用GlobalKey的demo,一个StatelessWidget包含子StatefulWidget,点击父亲里面的一个按钮改变子节点的内容
class GlobalKeyDemo extends StatelessWidget {
final GlobalKey<_ChildPageState> _globalKey = GlobalKey();
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
title: Text('GlobalKeyDemo'),
),
body: ChildPage(
key: _globalKey,
),
floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
child: Icon(Icons.add),
onPressed: () {
_globalKey.currentState.data =
'old:' + _globalKey.currentState.count.toString();
_globalKey.currentState.count++;
_globalKey.currentState.setState(() {});
},
),
);
}
}
class ChildPage extends StatefulWidget {
ChildPage({Key key}) : super(key: key);
@override
_ChildPageState createState() => _ChildPageState();
}
class _ChildPageState extends State<ChildPage> {
int count = 0;
String data = 'hello';
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Center(
child: Column(
children: <Widget>[
Text(count.toString()),
Text(data),
],
),
);
}
}
总结
1.Widget会隐式调用createElement方法创建Element,每一个Widget都会创建一个Element对象,然后调用mount方法,但是不同Element中mount的处理方式不同
2.会创建三种Element
RenderElement
RenderElement主要是创建RenderObject对象,只有继承自RenderObjectWidget的Widget会创建RenderObjectElement,创建步骤先创建RanderElement,创建出来后调用mount方法,在mount方法中会调用createRenderObject方法,来创建RenderObjectStatefulElement
StatefulWidget会创建StatefulElement,创建出来后调用createState方法,创建state,将Widget赋值给state,最后调用state的build方法,并且将Element传出去StatelessElement
StatelessWidget会创建StatelessElement,这里主要就是调用build方法,将Element传出去
补充几个面试题
1.createState 方法在什么时候调用?state 里面为啥可以直接获取到 widget 对象?
答:Flutter 会在遍历 Widget 树时调用 Widget 里面的 createElement 方法去生成对应节点的 Element 对象,同时执行 StatefulWidget 里面的 createState 方法创建 state,并且赋值给 Element 里的 _state 属性,当前 widget 也同时赋值给了 state 里的_widget,state 里面有个 widget 的get 方法可以获取到 _widget 对象。
2.build 方法是在什么时候调用的?
答:Element 创建好以后 Flutter 框架会执行 mount 方法,对于非渲染的 ComponentElement 来说 mount 主要执行 widget 里的 build 方法,StatefulElement 执行 build 方法的时候是执行的 state 里面的 build 方法,并且将自身传入,也就是常见的 BuildContext
3.BuildContext 是什么?
答:StatefulElement 执行 build 方法的时候是执行的 state 里面的 build 方法,并且将自身传入,也就是 常见的 BuildContext。简而言之 BuidContext 就是 Element。
4.Widget 频繁更改创建是否会影响性能?复用和更新机制是什么样的?
答:不会影响性能,widget 只是简单的配置信息,并不直接涉及布局渲染相关。Element 层通过判断新旧 widget 的runtimeType 和 key 是否相同决定是否可以直接更新之前的配置信息,也就是替换之前的 widget,而不必每次都重新创建新的 Element。
5.创建 Widget 里面的 Key 到底是什么作用?
答:Key 作为 Widget 的标志,在widget 变更的时候通过判断 Element 里面之前的 widget 的 runtimeType 和 key来决定是否能够直接更新。