题目如下:
首先:
如何解,请看下面工作量证明算法
接下来:
选择1 get code,得到加密脚本
选择2,填充字符,得到密文
加密脚本如下:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding=utf-8 -*-
from Crypto.Util.number import getPrime, GCD, bytes_to_long
from hashlib import sha256
import random
import signal
import sys, os
signal.alarm(20)
m = b"xxxxxxxxxxxxxx"
n = 21727106551797231400330796721401157037131178503238742210927927256416073956351568958100038047053002307191569558524956627892618119799679572039939819410371609015002302388267502253326720505214690802942662248282638776986759094777991439524946955458393011802700815763494042802326575866088840712980094975335414387283865492939790773300256234946983831571957038601270911425008907130353723909371646714722730577923843205527739734035515152341673364211058969041089741946974118237091455770042750971424415176552479618605177552145594339271192853653120859740022742221562438237923294609436512995857399568803043924319953346241964071252941
e = 3
def proof():
strings = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzWOERFJASKL"
prefix = "".join(random.sample(strings, 6))
starwith = str(random.randint(10000, 99999))
pf = """
sha256("%s"+str).hexdigest().startswith("%s") == True
Please give me str
"""%(prefix, starwith)
print(pf)
s = input().strip()
if sha256((prefix+s).encode()).hexdigest().startswith(starwith):
return True
else:
return False
def cmd():
help = """
1. get code
2. get flag
Please tell me, what you want?
"""
while True:
print(help)
c = input().strip()
if c == "1":
return True
elif c == "2":
return False
else:
print("Enter Error!")
def main():
if not proof():
print("Check Failed!")
return
welcom()
if cmd():
f = open("file.py")
print(f.read())
return
mm = bytes_to_long(m)
assert pow(mm, e) != pow(mm, e, n)
sys.stdout.write("Please give me a padding: ")
padding = input().strip()
padding = int(sha256(padding.encode()).hexdigest(),16)
c = pow(mm+padding, e, n)
print("Your Ciphertext is: %s"%c)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
一:先说一个阿三的例子:
(阿三不是侮辱称呼,是亲切称呼)
由题目给的加密算法:
转化成数学公式如下:
c =(m + sha256(pad))** 3%n
注意:m**3>n(这里没明白,为什么要>N)
以下就是阿三的重点:
阿三做了两次填充,分别求出两个密文(c1,c2)如下所示:
hash1 = int(sha256('2').hexdigest(), 16)
c1 = pow(m + hash1, e, n)
hash2 = int(sha256('1').hexdigest(), 16)
c2 = pow(m + hash2, e, n)
破解密码算法如下:
消去共有项(h1 – h2):
我相信大家看到这里就明白了吧。本人做一个简单的解释:
1.由于e=3,幂指数比较低,且明文m和模数n都不变;
2.对c1,c2三次幂进行展开,消除同类项,得到一个二次幂的公式,
3.重点来了:使用二次幂求根公式,如下所示:
这里不得不佩服阿三了,用一个简单的办法来解决办法。
代码如下:
mport hashlib
import gmpy2
from Crypto.Util.number import *
hash1 = int(hashlib.sha256('2').hexdigest(), 16)
hash2 = int(hashlib.sha256('1').hexdigest(), 16)
diff = hash1 - hash2
print "diff: ", diff
# M1 = M2 + diff
n = 21727106551797231400330796721401157037131178503238742210927927256416073956351568958100038047053002307191569558524956627892618119799679572039939819410371609015002302388267502253326720505214690802942662248282638776986759094777991439524946955458393011802700815763494042802326575866088840712980094975335414387283865492939790773300256234946983831571957038601270911425008907130353723909371646714722730577923843205527739734035515152341673364211058969041089741946974118237091455770042750971424415176552479618605177552145594339271192853653120859740022742221562438237923294609436512995857399568803043924319953346241964071252941L
e = 3
c1 = 14550589053226237723784378782911157204367764723816957959635387925652898370034365455451983914571405062459535687617841302966938233065296973978472553109061974458935966754832788411876301179210585984208608247433383774246743661884093657109502619626436726032508763685599880808525861655167503719155953736308920858354069083437923495143680174206534169208623366776314544036377265501358254923029291010047210371394197963442022610746743020719292018028518885149189744832788117626194748311114409968846879212425054195323473068436359069318372735069308398135560733890706617536127579272964863500568572120716434126233695562326533941909353
c2 = 14550589053226237723784378782911157204367764723813789158271625147472004207734354619642445255036997940341703539883653916130592718879734436263217819317202435434496341973502556894834798718992952369685841347018901038478081710519253844078907000973324354805502890255414196801758171762906898874914776720897920729518384393581853690034053515213192846817920534901501370942556249012415259244063185938984570137371682805276444650716010228924732495062415330875872004691866847132147232457398743319930259327973290858489741376000333603734294893832124907092640953321640151851853501528390729805151850605432707293088635480863375398001441
b = 3*(hash1+hash2)
a = 3
c=(hash1**2+hash1*hash2+hash2**2)-(c1-c2)/(hash1-hash2)
det_pre=b**2-4*a*c
det = gmpy2.iroot(b**2 - 4*a*c, 2)
det = det=tuple(det)[0]
sol1 = (det - b)/(2*a)
print long_to_bytes(sol1)
#最终得到答案
小结:
- 阿三对数学和密码学运算掌握的比较熟,能够融汇贯通。
- 这道题原本的用意应该不是这种解法。也许碰巧能用求根公式做。
- 本人还是不明白,为什么要m^3>n, 若有人知道这个简单问题,请留言。
方法二:使用 sage
import hashlib
def chunk(input_data, size):
return [input_data[i:i+size] for i in range(0, len(input_data), size)]
def long_to_bytes(data):
data = int(data)
data = hex(data).rstrip('L').lstrip('0x')
if len(data) % 2 == 1:
data = '0' + data
return bytes(bytearray(int(c, 16) for c in chunk(data, 2)))
def gcd(a, b):
while b:
a, b = b, a % b
return a.monic()
#monic()表示首系数为1的单项式
def franklin(n, pad1, pad2, c1, c2):
R.<X> = PolynomialRing(Zmod(n))
f1 = (X + pad1)^3 - c1
f2 = (X + pad2)^3 - c2
return -gcd(f1, f2).coefficients()[0]
#ciefficient():多项式的系数集合,顺序和集合的下标相对应
def main():
n = 21727106551797231400330796721401157037131178503238742210927927256416073956351568958100038047053002307191569558524956627892618119799679572039939819410371609015002302388267502253326720505214690802942662248282638776986759094777991439524946955458393011802700815763494042802326575866088840712980094975335414387283865492939790773300256234946983831571957038601270911425008907130353723909371646714722730577923843205527739734035515152341673364211058969041089741946974118237091455770042750971424415176552479618605177552145594339271192853653120859740022742221562438237923294609436512995857399568803043924319953346241964071252941
pad1 = int(hashlib.sha256("1").hexdigest(),16)
pad2 = int(hashlib.sha256("2").hexdigest(),16)
c1 = 14550589053226237723784378782911157204367764723813789158271625147472004207734354619642445255036997940341703539883653916130592718879734436263217819317202435434496341973502556894834798718992952369685841347018901038478081710519253844078907000973324354805502890255414196801758171762906898874914776720897920729518384393581853690034053515213192846817920534901501370942556249012415259244063185938984570137371682805276444650716010228924732495062415330875872004691866847132147232457398743319930259327973290858489741376000333603734294893832124907092640953321640151851853501528390729805151850605432707293088635480863375398001441
c2 = 14550589053226237723784378782911157204367764723816957959635387925652898370034365455451983914571405062459535687617841302966938233065296973978472553109061974458935966754832788411876301179210585984208608247433383774246743661884093657109502619626436726032508763685599880808525861655167503719155953736308920858354069083437923495143680174206534169208623366776314544036377265501358254923029291010047210371394197963442022610746743020719292018028518885149189744832788117626194748311114409968846879212425054195323473068436359069318372735069308398135560733890706617536127579272964863500568572120716434126233695562326533941909353
result = franklin(n, pad1, pad2, c1, c2)
print(long_to_bytes(result))
#我理解的意思是:
#1.消去多项式的最大公约数
#2.并把gcd返回的结果变成一个一次多项式 x+c
#3.取0次幂项(就是所说的常数c)的相反数,n-c为结果
#4.由于多项式模运算,所以 以模n为界。
main()
解释:
R.<X> = PolynomialRing(Zmod(n))
Zmod(n):
1.指定模,定义界限为n的环;Z表示整数
2.指定模是划定这个环的界限:
3.就是有效的数字只有从0到n
4.其他的都通过与n取模来保证在0~n这个范围内
5:Zmod代表这是一个整数域中的n模环
R:只是一个指针,指向用polynomialring指定的那个环(可以使用任意字符)
PolynomialRing:这个就是说建立多项式环
.<X>:指定一个变量的意思(可以用任意字符)
以下是一些做本次题目的相关知识:
Python strip()方法:
描述
Python strip() 方法用于移除字符串头尾指定的字符(默认为空格)。
语法
strip()方法语法:
'str.strip([chars]);'
参数
- chars -- 移除字符串头尾指定的字符。
返回值
返回移除字符串头尾指定的字符生成的新字符串。
实例
以下实例展示了strip()函数的使用方法:
str = "0000000 Runoob 0000000";
print str.strip( '0' ); # 去除首尾字符 0
str2 = " Runoob "; # 去除首尾空格
print str2.strip();
*********************************************************
以上实例输出结果如下:
Runoob
Runoob
Python xrange() 函数:
xrange()用法和让完全按相同,不同的就是生成不是一个数组,而是一个生成器。
xrange 语法:
xrange(stop)
xrange(start, stop[, step])
参数说明:
参数说明:
- start: 计数从 start 开始。默认是从 0 开始。例如range(5)等价 于range(0, 5);
- stop: 计数到 stop 结束,但不包括 stop。例如:range(0, 5) 是[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]没有5
- step:步长,默认为1。例如:range(0, 5) 等价于 range(0, 5, 1)
返回值
返回生成器。
实例
以下实例展示了 xrange 的使用方法:
>>>xrange(8)
xrange(8)
>>> list(xrange(8))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
>>> range(8) # range 使用
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
>>> xrange(3, 5)
xrange(3, 5)
>>> list(xrange(3,5))
[3, 4]
>>> range(3,5) # 使用 range
[3, 4]
>>> xrange(0,6,2)
xrange(0, 6, 2) # 步长为 2
>>> list(xrange(0,6,2))
[0, 2, 4]
>>>
累加移位输出:
for i in '-'+string.digits:
...: for j in '-'+string.digits:
...: for k in string.digits:
...: if((i!='-')and(j!='-')):
...: print(prepend+i+j+k)
...: elif((i=='-')and(j!='-')):
...: print(prepend+j+k)
...: if((j=='-')and(i=='-')):
...: print (prepend + k)
工作量证明算法:
(n1ctf 2018 解题前的验证算法)
from pwn import *
import hashlib
import string
from Crypto.Util.number import *
r = remote("47.75.39.249",'23333')
r.recvline()
str1 = r.recvline().strip()
print "condition: ", str1
prepend = str1[8:14]
sha_end = str1[len(str1)-15:len(str1)-10]
for i in string.letters + string.digits:
for j in string.letters + string.digits:
for k in string.letters + string.digits:
for l in string.letters + string.digits:
var = hashlib.sha256(prepend + i + j + k + l).hexdigest()[:5]
if var == sha_end:
print "gotit!"
print "happening: ", r.recvline()
r.recvline()
r.sendline(i + j + k + l)
print r.recvuntil("want?\n\n")
r.interactive()
r.sendline("1")
print r.recvall()
exit()
break
print "Failed!"
hash.digest()
返回摘要,作为二进制数据字符串值
hash.hexdigest()
返回摘要,作为十六进制数据字符串值
参考文献:
工作量证明算法:http://blog.csdn.net/AAA123524457/article/details/52837510
mpz的一些用法:http://mcs.une.edu.au/doc/python3-gmpy2/mpz.html
sage网站:http://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/polynomial_rings/sage/rings/polynomial/polynomial_ring_constructor.html
sage中文:https://www.lainme.com/doku.php/topic/sage/chapter_02/section_09