functional programming concepts

分两类：

• Function decorators
• Class decorators

A decorator in Python is any callable Python object that is used to modify a function or a class. A reference to a function "func" or a class "C" is passed to a decorator and the decorator returns a modified function or class. The modified functions or classes usually contain calls to the original function "func" or class "C".

show me the code

• 参数检查

def argument_test_natural_number(f):
    def helper(x):
        if type(x) == int and x > 0:
            return f(x)
        else:
            raise Exception("Argument is not an integer")
    return helper
    
@argument_test_natural_number
def factorial(n):
    if n == 1:
        return 1
    else:
        return n * factorial(n-1)

for i in range(1,10):
    print(i, factorial(i))

print(factorial(-1))

• 统计次数

def call_counter(func):
    def helper(*args, **kwargs):
        helper.calls += 1
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
    helper.calls = 0

    return helper

@call_counter
def succ(x):
    return x + 1

@call_counter
def mul1(x, y=1):
    return x*y + 1

print(succ.calls)
for i in range(10):
    succ(i)
mul1(3, 4)
mul1(4)
mul1(y=3, x=2)
    
print(succ.calls)
print(mul1.calls)

• 含参数的decorator

def greeting(expr):
    def greeting_decorator(func):
        def function_wrapper(x):
            print(expr + ", " + func.__name__ + " returns:")
            func(x)
        return function_wrapper
    return greeting_decorator

@greeting("-wyq-")
def foo(x):
    print(42)

foo("Hi")

• using import 要注意变量的域

greeting_decorator.py 没用functools的版本

def greeting(func):
    def function_wrapper(x):
        """ function_wrapper of greeting """
        print("Hi, " + func.__name__ + " returns:")
        return func(x)
    function_wrapper.__name__ = func.__name__
    function_wrapper.__doc__ = func.__doc__
    function_wrapper.__module__ = func.__module__
    return function_wrapper

anotherfile.py:

from greeting_decorator import greeting

@greeting
def f(x):
    """ just some silly function """
    return x + 4

f(10)
print("function name: " + f.__name__)
print("docstring: " + f.__doc__)
print("module name: " + f.__module__)

greeting_decorator.py

from functools import wraps

def greeting(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def function_wrapper(x):
        """ function_wrapper of greeting """
        print("Hi, " + func.__name__ + " returns:")
        return func(x)
    return function_wrapper

否则将返回

function name: function_wrapper
docstring:  function_wrapper of greeting 
module name: greeting_decorator

• __call__

class Fibonacci:
    def __init__(self):
        self.cache = {}
    def __call__(self, n):
        if n not in self.cache:
            if n == 0:
                self.cache[0] = 0
            elif n == 1:
                self.cache[1] = 1
            else:
                self.cache[n] = self.__call__(n-1) + self.__call__(n-2)
        return self.cache[n]

fib = Fibonacci()

for i in range(15):
    print(fib(i), end=", ")

• using class

class decorator2:
    
    def __init__(self, f):
        self.f = f
        
    def __call__(self):
        print("Decorating", self.f.__name__)
        self.f()

@decorator2
def foo():
    print("inside foo()")

foo()