开篇
由于近期在搞优化无侵入埋点,在github上发现了一个基于swizzling method 的轻量级开源框架 Aspects,其总共只有一个类文件。为了加强了解,在这里写下我学习和总结的心得。
基本原理
使用Aspects,能够在一个方法前/后插入一段代码,也能直接替换整个方法的实现。
这是怎么做到的呢?
我们都知道oc是一门动态语言,在执行一个函数的时候,其实是在给对象发消息,根据函数名生成selector
,通过selector
找到指向具体函数实现的IMP
,然后才执行真正的函数逻辑。在这个基础上,如果我们人为的改变selector
与IMP
的对应关系,那就能让原本的函数做一些其它的事情。我们先来看一下oc中类的结构:
在其中,我们现在需要关注的是objc_method_list **methodLists
,这个方法链表内储存的是Method
类型:
Method结构体中包含一个SEL和IMP,实际上相当于在SEL和IMP之间作了一个映射。有了SEL,我们便可以找到对应的IMP,从而调用方法的实现代码。
但是函数具体是怎么执行的呢?见下图(转):
通过上图我们可以发现,在函数执行的过程当中,如果selector
有对应的IMP
,则直接执行,如果没有,那么就会进入消息转发流程,依次有
resolveInstanceMethod
forwardingTargetForSelector
methodSignatureForSelector
forwardInvocation
等4个函数。
Aspects选择了在forwardInvocation
这个阶段处理是因为:
resolvedInstanceMethod
适合给类/对象动态添加一个相应的实现,
forwardingTargetForSelector
适合将消息转发给其他对象处理,相对而言,forwardInvocation
是里面最灵活,最能符合需求的。
因此 Aspects 的方案就是,对于待 hook 的
selector
,将其指向objc_msgForward / _objc_msgForward_stret
,同时生成一个新的aliasSelector
指向原来的IMP
,并且 hook 住forwardInvocation
函数,使他指向自己的实现。按照上面的思路,当被 hook 的selector
被执行的时候,首先根据selector
找到了objc_msgForward / _objc_msgForward_stret
,而这个会触发消息转发,从而进入forwardInvocation
。同时由于forwardInvocation
的指向也被修改了,因此会转入新的forwardInvocation
函数,在里面执行需要嵌入的附加代码,完成之后,再转回原来的IMP
。
分析源码
在看具体实现之前,我们需要了解Aspects类里面定义的几个重要的数据结构:
AspectOptions
typedef NS_OPTIONS(NSUInteger, AspectOptions) {
AspectPositionAfter = 0, /// Called after the original implementation (default)
AspectPositionInstead = 1, /// Will replace the original implementation.
AspectPositionBefore = 2, /// Called before the original implementation.
AspectOptionAutomaticRemoval = 1 << 3 /// Will remove the hook after the first execution.
};
这里表示了block的执行时机,可以是在原函数之前、之后或者完全替换掉原函数。
AspectsContainer
@interface AspectsContainer : NSObject
- (void)addAspect:(AspectIdentifier *)aspect withOptions:(AspectOptions)injectPosition;
- (BOOL)removeAspect:(id)aspect;
- (BOOL)hasAspects;
@property (atomic, copy) NSArray *beforeAspects;
@property (atomic, copy) NSArray *insteadAspects;
@property (atomic, copy) NSArray *afterAspects;
@end
跟踪对象的所有情况
AspectIdentifier
@interface AspectIdentifier : NSObject
+ (instancetype)identifierWithSelector:(SEL)selector object:(id)object options:(AspectOptions)options block:(id)block error:(NSError **)error;
- (BOOL)invokeWithInfo:(id<AspectInfo>)info;
@property (nonatomic, assign) SEL selector;
@property (nonatomic, strong) id block;
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSMethodSignature *blockSignature;
@property (nonatomic, weak) id object;
@property (nonatomic, assign) AspectOptions options;
@end
一个具体的Aspect,其中包括了block主体、执行时机options、方法SEL、方法参数、签名。将我们传入的block封装成AspectIdentifier。
AspectInfo
@interface AspectInfo : NSObject <AspectInfo>
- (id)initWithInstance:(__unsafe_unretained id)instance invocation:(NSInvocation *)invocation;
@property (nonatomic, unsafe_unretained, readonly) id instance;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) NSArray *arguments;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) NSInvocation *originalInvocation;
@end
内部主要是NSInvocation信息,将其封装了一层。
AspectTracker
@interface AspectTracker : NSObject
- (id)initWithTrackedClass:(Class)trackedClass;
@property (nonatomic, strong) Class trackedClass;
@property (nonatomic, readonly) NSString *trackedClassName;
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSMutableSet *selectorNames;
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSMutableDictionary *selectorNamesToSubclassTrackers;
- (void)addSubclassTracker:(AspectTracker *)subclassTracker hookingSelectorName:(NSString *)selectorName;
- (void)removeSubclassTracker:(AspectTracker *)subclassTracker hookingSelectorName:(NSString *)selectorName;
- (BOOL)subclassHasHookedSelectorName:(NSString *)selectorName;
- (NSSet *)subclassTrackersHookingSelectorName:(NSString *)selectorName;
@end
用于跟踪类是否已经被hook并给其上标记,防止重复替换方法。
具体实现
我们从入口函数开始:
static id aspect_add(id self, SEL selector, AspectOptions options, id block, NSError **error) {
__block AspectIdentifier *identifier = nil;
aspect_performLocked(^{
if (aspect_isSelectorAllowedAndTrack(self, selector, options, error)) {
AspectsContainer *aspectContainer = aspect_getContainerForObject(self, selector);
identifier = [AspectIdentifier identifierWithSelector:selector object:self options:options block:block error:error];
if (identifier) {
[aspectContainer addAspect:identifier withOptions:options];
// Modify the class to allow message interception.
aspect_prepareClassAndHookSelector(self, selector, error);
}
}
});
return identifier;
}
这段函数总共做了哪些事情呢?
1.aspect_isSelectorAllowedAndTrack()
对传进来的类和参数进行判断。利用黑名单来判断传进来的类和参数能否被hook,比如对于某些方法(retain
、release
、autorelease
、forwardInvocation
)是不能hook的,同时对于dealloc
来说,只能把代码插入到dealloc
之前,还需要检测类是否能响应方法。另外对于类对象而言,还需要对类的层级结构(父类、子类)进行判断,防止同一方法被hook多次。
2.使用aspect_getContainerForObject()
创建一个AspectsContainer
容器,其中用到了动态添加属性。
static AspectsContainer *aspect_getContainerForObject(NSObject *self, SEL selector) {
NSCParameterAssert(self);
SEL aliasSelector = aspect_aliasForSelector(selector);
AspectsContainer *aspectContainer = objc_getAssociatedObject(self, aliasSelector);
if (!aspectContainer) {
aspectContainer = [AspectsContainer new];
objc_setAssociatedObject(self, aliasSelector, aspectContainer, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN);
}
return aspectContainer;
}
3.使用+ (instancetype)identifierWithSelector:(SEL)selector object:(id)object options:(AspectOptions)options block:(id)block error:(NSError **)error;
创建一个AspectsIdentifier
并把其加入之前创建的AspectsContainer
中去,由于我们使用Aspects是用block来替换方法的,所以就需要将我们传入的block替换成具体的方法,所以AspectsIdentifier
中就有一个NSMethodSignature *blockSignature;
方法签名属性。具体的转换方法如下:
static NSMethodSignature *aspect_blockMethodSignature(id block, NSError **error) {
AspectBlockRef layout = (__bridge void *)block;
if (!(layout->flags & AspectBlockFlagsHasSignature)) {
NSString *description = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"The block %@ doesn't contain a type signature.", block];
AspectError(AspectErrorMissingBlockSignature, description);
return nil;
}
void *desc = layout->descriptor;
desc += 2 * sizeof(unsigned long int);
if (layout->flags & AspectBlockFlagsHasCopyDisposeHelpers) {
desc += 2 * sizeof(void *);
}
if (!desc) {
NSString *description = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"The block %@ doesn't has a type signature.", block];
AspectError(AspectErrorMissingBlockSignature, description);
return nil;
}
const char *signature = (*(const char **)desc);
return [NSMethodSignature signatureWithObjCTypes:signature];
}
其中AspectBlockRef
是Aspects内部自定义的一个block结构:
typedef struct _AspectBlock {
__unused Class isa;
AspectBlockFlags flags;
__unused int reserved;
void (__unused *invoke)(struct _AspectBlock *block, ...);
struct {
unsigned long int reserved;
unsigned long int size;
// requires AspectBlockFlagsHasCopyDisposeHelpers
void (*copy)(void *dst, const void *src);
void (*dispose)(const void *);
// requires AspectBlockFlagsHasSignature
const char *signature;
const char *layout;
} *descriptor;
// imported variables
} *AspectBlockRef;
在将block转换成方法签名之后,使用aspect_isCompatibleBlockSignature
来判断转换出的方法签名和替换方法的方法签名参数等是否一致:
static BOOL aspect_isCompatibleBlockSignature(NSMethodSignature *blockSignature, id object, SEL selector, NSError **error) {
BOOL signaturesMatch = YES;
NSMethodSignature *methodSignature = [[object class] instanceMethodSignatureForSelector:selector];
if (blockSignature.numberOfArguments > methodSignature.numberOfArguments) {
signaturesMatch = NO;
}else {
if (blockSignature.numberOfArguments > 1) {
const char *blockType = [blockSignature getArgumentTypeAtIndex:1];
if (blockType[0] != '@') {
signaturesMatch = NO;
}
}
// Argument 0 is self/block, argument 1 is SEL or id<AspectInfo>. We start comparing at argument 2.
// The block can have less arguments than the method, that's ok.
if (signaturesMatch) {
for (NSUInteger idx = 2; idx < blockSignature.numberOfArguments; idx++) {
const char *methodType = [methodSignature getArgumentTypeAtIndex:idx];
const char *blockType = [blockSignature getArgumentTypeAtIndex:idx];
// Only compare parameter, not the optional type data.
if (!methodType || !blockType || methodType[0] != blockType[0]) {
signaturesMatch = NO; break;
}
}
}
}
if (!signaturesMatch) {
NSString *description = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"Block signature %@ doesn't match %@.", blockSignature, methodSignature];
AspectError(AspectErrorIncompatibleBlockSignature, description);
return NO;
}
return YES;
}
一般的方法都有两个隐藏的参数,第一个是self,第二个是SEL,所以要从之后开始比较。
4.真正核心的交换方法aspect_prepareClassAndHookSelector
。当forwardInvocation
被hook之后,将对传入的selector
进行hook,将selector
指向了转发IMP
,同时生成一个aliasSelector
,指向原来的IMP
。
static void aspect_prepareClassAndHookSelector(NSObject *self, SEL selector, NSError **error) {
Class klass = aspect_hookClass(self, error);
Method targetMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(klass, selector);
IMP targetMethodIMP = method_getImplementation(targetMethod);
//如果发现 selector 已经指向了转发 IMP ,那就就不需要进行交换了
if (!aspect_isMsgForwardIMP(targetMethodIMP)) {
//* Make a method alias for the existing method implementation, it not already copied.
const char *typeEncoding = method_getTypeEncoding(targetMethod);
SEL aliasSelector = aspect_aliasForSelector(selector);
if (![klass instancesRespondToSelector:aliasSelector]) {
__unused BOOL addedAlias = class_addMethod(klass, aliasSelector, method_getImplementation(targetMethod), typeEncoding);
NSCAssert(addedAlias, @"Original implementation for %@ is already copied to %@ on %@", NSStringFromSelector(selector), NSStringFromSelector(aliasSelector), klass);
}
// We use forwardInvocation to hook in.
class_replaceMethod(klass, selector, aspect_getMsgForwardIMP(self, selector), typeEncoding);
AspectLog(@"Aspects: Installed hook for -[%@ %@].", klass, NSStringFromSelector(selector));
}
}
使用aspect_hookClass
方法来创建hook子类,在aspect_swizzleClassInPlace
内通过aspect_swizzleForwardInvocation
方法将本类中的forwardInvocation
替换成我们自定义的__ASPECTS_ARE_BEING_CALLED__
方法,当类没找到消息处理时,通过forwardInvocation
转到我们自定义的方法内,就可以统一处理了。
static Class aspect_swizzleClassInPlace(Class klass) {
NSCParameterAssert(klass);
NSString *className = NSStringFromClass(klass);
//保证线程、数据安全
_aspect_modifySwizzledClasses(^(NSMutableSet *swizzledClasses) {
if (![swizzledClasses containsObject:className]) {
// 将原IMP指向forwardInvocation
aspect_swizzleForwardInvocation(klass);
[swizzledClasses addObject:className];
}
});
return klass;
}
static NSString *const AspectsForwardInvocationSelectorName = @"__aspects_forwardInvocation:";
static void aspect_swizzleForwardInvocation(Class klass) {
NSCParameterAssert(klass);
// 将__aspects_forwardInvocation:指向originalImplementation,
// 将originalImplementation添加到Method,以便下次调用,直接就可以了
IMP originalImplementation = class_replaceMethod(klass, @selector(forwardInvocation:), (IMP)__ASPECTS_ARE_BEING_CALLED__, "v@:@");
if (originalImplementation) {
class_addMethod(klass, NSSelectorFromString(AspectsForwardInvocationSelectorName), originalImplementation, "v@:@");
}
AspectLog(@"Aspects: %@ is now aspect aware.", NSStringFromClass(klass));
}
5.转发最终的逻辑代码最终转入 ASPECTS_ARE_BEING_CALLED 函数的处理中。
// This is the swizzled forwardInvocation: method.
static void __ASPECTS_ARE_BEING_CALLED__(__unsafe_unretained NSObject *self, SEL selector, NSInvocation *invocation) {
SEL originalSelector = invocation.selector;
SEL aliasSelector = aspect_aliasForSelector(invocation.selector);
invocation.selector = aliasSelector;
// 本对象的AspectsContainer,添加到对象的aspect
AspectsContainer *objectContainer = objc_getAssociatedObject(self, aliasSelector);
// 这个类的AspectsContainer,添加类上面的aspect
AspectsContainer *classContainer = aspect_getContainerForClass(object_getClass(self), aliasSelector);
AspectInfo *info = [[AspectInfo alloc] initWithInstance:self invocation:invocation];
NSArray *aspectsToRemove = nil;
// Before hooks.
aspect_invoke(classContainer.beforeAspects, info);
aspect_invoke(objectContainer.beforeAspects, info);
// Instead hooks.
BOOL respondsToAlias = YES;
if (objectContainer.insteadAspects.count || classContainer.insteadAspects.count) {
aspect_invoke(classContainer.insteadAspects, info);
aspect_invoke(objectContainer.insteadAspects, info);
}else {
Class klass = object_getClass(invocation.target);
do {
if ((respondsToAlias = [klass instancesRespondToSelector:aliasSelector])) {
[invocation invoke];
break;
}
}while (!respondsToAlias && (klass = class_getSuperclass(klass)));
}
// After hooks.
aspect_invoke(classContainer.afterAspects, info);
aspect_invoke(objectContainer.afterAspects, info);
// If no hooks are installed, call original implementation (usually to throw an exception)
if (!respondsToAlias) {
invocation.selector = originalSelector;
SEL originalForwardInvocationSEL = NSSelectorFromString(AspectsForwardInvocationSelectorName);
if ([self respondsToSelector:originalForwardInvocationSEL]) {
((void( *)(id, SEL, NSInvocation *))objc_msgSend)(self, originalForwardInvocationSEL, invocation);
}else {
[self doesNotRecognizeSelector:invocation.selector];
}
}
// Remove any hooks that are queued for deregistration.
[aspectsToRemove makeObjectsPerformSelector:@selector(remove)];
}
首先,使用aliasSelector
替换掉传进来invocation
的selector
,之后将invocation
转换成AspectInfo
,AspectInfo
主要包含了一些参数数组等invocation
的信息,为了获取参数数组,Aspect为NSInvocation
写了一个分类。之后就转到最终调用的地方了:
- (BOOL)invokeWithInfo:(id<AspectInfo>)info {
NSInvocation *blockInvocation = [NSInvocation invocationWithMethodSignature:self.blockSignature];
NSInvocation *originalInvocation = info.originalInvocation;
NSUInteger numberOfArguments = self.blockSignature.numberOfArguments;
//参数错误判断
if (numberOfArguments > originalInvocation.methodSignature.numberOfArguments) {
AspectLogError(@"Block has too many arguments. Not calling %@", info);
return NO;
}
// The `self` of the block will be the AspectInfo. Optional.
if (numberOfArguments > 1) {
[blockInvocation setArgument:&info atIndex:1];
}
void *argBuf = NULL;
for (NSUInteger idx = 2; idx < numberOfArguments; idx++) {
const char *type = [originalInvocation.methodSignature getArgumentTypeAtIndex:idx];
NSUInteger argSize;
NSGetSizeAndAlignment(type, &argSize, NULL);
if (!(argBuf = reallocf(argBuf, argSize))) {
AspectLogError(@"Failed to allocate memory for block invocation.");
return NO;
}
[originalInvocation getArgument:argBuf atIndex:idx];
[blockInvocation setArgument:argBuf atIndex:idx];
}
[blockInvocation invokeWithTarget:self.block];
if (argBuf != NULL) {
free(argBuf);
}
return YES;
}
取到原invocation
和待替换的block的invocation
,判断block的参数如果大于原参数,输出错误信息。之后逐个替换参数,然后执行blockInvocation
。到这整个aspect工作就全部执行完了。
疑问
1、为什么aspect_invoke()
要用宏定义?
2、
// 本对象的AspectsContainer,添加到对象的aspect
AspectsContainer *objectContainer = objc_getAssociatedObject(self, aliasSelector);
// 这个类的AspectsContainer,添加类上面的aspect
AspectsContainer *classContainer = aspect_getContainerForClass(object_getClass(self), aliasSelector);
这两句代码是怎么执行的?为什么会返回AspectsContainer?
3、最后invoke函数内,为什么只判断block参数个数大于原函数参数是错误的,bolck参数个数小于原函数参数个数时,忽略原函数内多出来的参数,这样做是为什么?
最后
Aspects的源码陆陆续续一星期才看完,深深感觉到看的时候有些力不从心,大概是runtime基础太薄弱了吧。同时感谢http://wereadteam.github.io/2016/06/30/Aspects/提供的帮助