Notes for Levelling the paying field
Day4：
单次作业
Vocabulary and phrases
固有名词汇总
account-holders 账户持有人
retail banking 零售银行（consumer banking个人银行）
technology-driven 技术驱动型
Financial-technology 金融技术（fintech）
formal complaints 正式投诉
online payments 在线支付
customer-transaction 客户交易
financial services 金融服务：包括手机银行（客户可以用掌中设备登陆银行账户，支付各类账单）和各类经纪服务，通过掌中设备就可以浏览股指并完成交易
Payments Services Directive 支付服务指令
one-click bank transfers 一键式银行转账
customers budgeting advice 客户预算建议
hot data 热点数据；热数据
interest rates 利率
working capital 运营资金[资本]；周转资金
current accounts 活期存款（账单）
funding cost 集资成本；融资成本
1.Level the paying field:
原型：level playing field（公平竞争的环境）paying译为公平支付的环境，来自于文章fintech和traditional banks的博弈角力。
Incommerce, a level playing field is a concept about fairness, not that eachplayer has an equal chance to succeed, but that they all play by the same setof rules. Ina game played on a playing field, such as rugby, one team would have an unfairadvantage if the field had a slope. Since some real-life playing fields do infact have slopes, it is customary for teams to swap ends of the playing fieldat half time.
Ametaphorical playing field is said to be level if no external interferenceaffects the ability of the players to compete fairly.
2.mortgage
①a legal arrangement by which you borrow money from a bank or similar organization in order to buy a house, and pay back the money over a period of years抵押贷款，按揭
·We decided to use Fred’s redundancy money to pay off the mortgage (= pay back all the money we borrowed for a mortgage ) .我们决定用弗雷德的遣散费来偿清抵押贷款。
②the amount of money you borrow in the form of amortgage 抵押贷款额
·If you earn £20,000 per year, then you may be able to get a mortgage of £60,000.如果年收入是2万英镑，就有可能贷到6万英镑的抵押贷款。
3.predetermined
decided or arranged before something happens, so that it does not happen by chance预先决定[确定]的
·predetermined level/limit/amount etc
a predetermined level of spending预先确定的开支水平
4.overdrawn
if you are overdrawn or your bank account is overdrawn, you have spent more than you had in your account and so you owe the bank money透支的
[+by]
·My account is overdrawn by £300.我的账户透支了300英镑。
5.dire
①extremely serious or terrible极其严重的，极可怕的
·The country is in dire need of food aid.这个国家急需食品援助。
·The situation looked dire.情况看来非常严重。
②bein dire straits ：to be in an extremely difficult or serious situation 处于岌岌可危的境地
·Everyone agrees the sport is in dire straits.人人都认为这个体育项目已处于岌岌可危的境地。
③dire warning/prediction/forecast
awarning about something terrible that will happen in the future 可怕的警告/预测/预言
·Last night there were dire warnings of civil war.昨晚传来关于内战的可怕警告。
6.unscathed
①not injured or harmed by something没有受伤的，未遭受伤害的
·The government was relatively unscathed by the scandal.政府基本上没有受到这桩丑闻的影响。
escape/emerge unscathed
·He escaped unscathed from the accident.他安然无恙地逃过了这场事故。
7.mount
※文中为①，mount a challenge
①to plan, organize, and begin an event or a course of action准备；安排；组织；开展
mount a campaign/challenge/search etc
·Friends of the Earth are mounting a campaign to monitor the illegal logging of trees.“地球之友”组织正在发起监控非法伐木的运动。
mount an assault/attack
·Guerrillas have mounted an attack on the capital.游击队向首都发起了攻击。
②[usually in progressive] to increase graduallyin amount or degree 渐渐增加，逐渐增长
·Tension here is mounting , as we await the final result.我们等待着最终结果，这里的气氛也越来越紧张。
8.incumbent
①someone who has been elected to an official position, especially in politics, and who is doing that job at the present time在职者，现任者〔尤指政治职位〕
9.resilient
①able to become strong, happy, or successful again after a difficult situation or event有复原力的；适应力强的
·The company proved remarkably resilient during the recession.公司在经济衰退期间表现出惊人的耐挫力。
②strong and not easily damaged by being pulled, pressed etc坚韧的；有弹性的
·Any chemical treatment will leave hair less resilient than before.任何化学剂的使用都会使头发失去原有的弹性。
10.for security reasons
出于安全考虑；出于安全原因
11.cumbersome
①a process or system that is cumbersome is slow and difficult〔过程或系统〕耗时的，累赘的
·Doctors are complaining that the system is cumbersome and bureaucratic.医生抱怨说该体制复杂繁琐，很官僚。
②heavy and difficult to move笨重的
·a large cumbersome machine大而笨重的机器
③words or phrases that are cumbersome are long orcomplicated 〔话语或措辞〕冗长的，晦涩的
12.transform the landscape
改变格局；改变现状
13.PSD2（payment service directive2）
支付服务指令
14.kick-start
to do something to help a process or activity start or develop more quickly启动；促进
·He urged further interest rate cuts in a bid to kick-start the economy.他极力主张进一步降低利率以推动经济。
15.explicit
①expressed in a way that is very clear and direct清楚明确的；直截了当的
·explicit knowledge of grammar清楚易懂的语法知识
[+ about]
·He made the rules without being explicit about them.他制定的规则并不明确。
②language or pictures that are explicit describe or show sex or violence very clearly〔描绘性或暴力的语言或画面〕清晰露骨的
·The film contains some very explicit love scenes.这部影片中有一些非常露骨的性爱镜头。
16.consent
①permission to do something许可，允许
·Her parents gave their consent to the marriage.她父母同意了这桩婚事。
→the age of consent the age
when someone can legally get married or havea sexual relationship
婚姻合法年龄；〔可以发生性关系的〕同意年龄，合法年龄
→Informed consent
·Informed consent should not be a mere contract for research participants to sign.知情同意不应该仅仅是一个让研究参与者签署的合同。
②agreement about something同意，赞同
·The chairman was elected by common consent (= with most people agreeing ) .主席是大家一致推选出来的。
·divorce by mutual consent双方均同意的离婚
17.integrated into
把…并入；融入；成为一体
·The committee integrated some of the suggestions into itsplan. 该委员会将部分建议纳入了它的计划。
Integrated：an integrated system, institution etc combines many different groups, ideas, or parts in a way that works well〔各组成部分〕相互协调的，综合的
18. tighten up
if a team or group tightens up, they start working together more effectively加紧，加强
·The government is tightening up public security.政府正在加强公共治安。
19.strong authentication
强身份验证
企业信息系统通常是通过用户名/密码来进行身份认证，如果企业敏感信息系统仅以该方式进行身份认证，身份极易被冒用，存在很大的安全隐患。因此，非常有必要采用更安全的身份认证方式来进行保护。
目前，“双因素”认证机制被公认为最安全的身份认证方式，“双因素”身份认证是结合两种不同类型认证因素的身份认证方法，例如：用户在登录企业敏感信息系统时，不仅需要提供用户名/密码，还需提供与用户名/密码绑定的物品（如用户所拥有的动态密码卡产生的一次性密码，或用户所拥有的数字证书等），以确保用户身份的真实性。
当前，市场上绝大多数“双因素”身份认证产品只能解决一个或几个信息系统的身份认证问题，而非一次性彻底解决企业的所有身份认证问题。
20.wave through
①wave someone/something throughto make a signal with your hand that shows you areallowing a person or vehicle to go through a gate or other entrance
②wave something throughto give permission or approval for something immediately and oftenwithout checking or considering it properly
21.rock-bottom
a rock-bottom price is as low as it can possibly be〔价格〕最低的，不能再低的
·bargain holidays at rock-bottom prices最低价的特惠度假产品
22.dumb pipes
具体业务和利润都可能被fintech抢占，银行就好像管道，只负责提供基本数据，但服务利润都被fintech抢了，目前还只是担心阶段。
23.manifest
①to show a feeling, attitude etc 显示，表明，表露〔感情、态度等〕
·The shareholders have manifested their intention to sell the shares.股东们表明了要出售股票的意图。
manifest sth in/as/through sth
·A dog’s protective instincts are manifested in increased alertness.狗的自我保护本能表现在它的警觉性越来越高。
②manifest itself to appear or to become easy to see显现，显露
·His illness began to manifest itself at around this time.他的病到这时开始显现出来。
24.respondent
①[formal] someone who answers questions, especially in a survey〔尤指调查中〕回答问题的人
·Only 62 percent of respondents said they were satisfied.回复调查的人中只有62%表示满意。
②[law] someone who has to defend their own case in a law court, especially in a divorce case〔尤指离婚案的〕被告
25.legitimate [opp] illegitimate
※文中为legitimate concerns，则为①，担忧合乎情理。
①fair or reasonable公正的，正当的，合理的
·That’s a perfectly legitimate question.那个问题完全合乎情理
②acceptable or allowed by law合法的，法律许可的，依法的
·Their business operations are perfectly legitimate.他们的商业活动完全合法。
③a legitimate child is born to parents who are legallymarried to each other 〔子女〕合法婚姻所生的，婚生的
26.robust
※文中为②，牢固的安全系统
①a robust person is strong and healthy强健的，健壮的
·a robust man of six feet four一个身高六英尺四英寸的壮汉
②a robust system, organization etc is strong and not likely to have problems〔系统、组织等〕强大的，稳固的
·The formerly robust economy has begun to weaken.原本强劲的经济开始疲软。
③a robust object is strong and not likely to break〔东西〕结实的，坚固的
[syn]sturdy
·a robust metal cabinet结实的金属柜
27.insure
①to buy insurance so that you will receive money if something bad happens to you, your family, your possessions etc给…保险；投保
·Have you insured the contents of your home?你给家庭财产投保了吗？
insure (sth/sb) against loss/damage/theft/sickness etc
·It is wise to insure your property against storm damage.为防风暴造成损毁而给财产买保险是明智之举。
insure sth for £1,000/$2,000 etc
·You should insure the painting for at least £100,000.这幅画你至少应该投保十万英镑。
insure (yourself) against sth
to protect yourself against the risk of something bad happening by planning or preparing对…采取预防措施
·Take advice to insure yourself against being misled.听取意见以免被误导。
②to provide insurance for something or someone为…提供保险
·Many companies won’t insure young drivers.许多公司都不愿意为年轻的司机承保。
28.subject【adj】
①be subject tosth
a.if someone or something is subject to something, especially something bad, it is possible or likely that they will be
affected by it易受某人[某事]影响；可能会…的
·All flights are subject to delay.所有航班都有可能延误。
b.if something is subject to something such as approval, it depends on that thing happening before it can happen取决于某人[某事]，视某人[某事]而定
·The funding is subject to approval by the Board of Education.拨款有待教育委员会批准。
②be subject to a rule/law/penalty/tax etc
if you are subject to a rule, law, penalty etc, you must obey the rule or pay an amount of money须遵守规则/须遵守法令/须缴纳罚款/须缴纳税款等
·Violators are subject to a 100 fine.违者罚款100美元。
29.perfect on paper
不错的计划；看起来靠谱的计划
30.bare
①to remove something that was covering or hiding something 使暴露，使赤裸，露出
·The dog bared its teeth.狗露出了牙齿。
②bare your soul to reveal your most secret feelings敞开心扉，诉说衷肠
31.invoice
①a list of goods that have been supplied or work that has been done, showing how much you owe for them发票；发货清单，已完成工作的清单〔单上注明应支付的款项〕
32.attribute
①a quality or feature, especially one that is consideredto be good or useful 特性，特质，属性
·What attributes should a good manager possess?一名优秀的经理应该具备哪些素质？
33.entrant
※文中为①，指竞争的各个企业
①someone who takes part in a competition参赛者
②someone who has recently started studying at university, or working大学新生；新职员
[+ to]
·new entrants to higher education高等院校的新生
34.confrontation
※文中为①，与cooperation相对
①a situation in which there is a lot of angry disagreement between two people or groups对抗，对峙；冲突
·She had stayed in her room to avoid another confrontation.她待在自己的房间里，以避免再次发生冲突。
[+ with/between]
·an ideological confrontation between conservatives and liberals保守派和自由派在意识形态上的冲突
②a fight or battle战斗，战役
military/violent/armed confrontation
·Japan seemed unlikely to risk military confrontation with Russia.日本似乎不大可能冒险去和俄罗斯发生军事冲突。
Sentence structure
1.IN BRITAIN alone millions of people make formal complaints each year about their banks.
alone有“仅仅，只”之意，则指仅在英国就有数百万人抱怨投诉银行，例句：The case will cost thousands of pounds in legal fees alone.仅律师费一项就要加上千英镑。formal complaints是指正式的投诉。
2.New European rules, he says, will open the door to a host of innovative services that analyse transactions.
open door to打开门指新规让大量(a host of )创新服务的产生得到许可进入市场。
3.Financial-technology (“fintech”) companies are beginning to mount a challenge,
mount a challege这里指面临挑战，文后有解释。
4.Sofort, iDEAL and other fintech firms conduct over half of online transactions in Germany and the Netherlands,…But their reach is more limited elsewhere in Europe.
conduct transactions指进行交易，reach联系上下文可得知为影响力，基础没传统银行牢固，缺乏大量客户交易信息来提供金融服务。
5.One reason incumbents have proved so resilient is that fintech firms lack the customer-transaction information they need to provide many financial services.
prove resilient可引申为耐挫力强，由于fintech公司缺乏信息资源，传统银行业也就没那么惧怕fintech的市场进入。Incumbents have proved so resilient修饰reason, they needto…services修饰information。
6.They could become more integrated into the internet-browsing experience—enabling, for example, one-click bank transfers, at least forlow-value payments.
one-click bank transfers是修饰enabling的内容，一键支付在低值支付下进行，后文紧接着说明了超过30欧元的则用“强认证”加强安全性。
7.Those with limited credit histories may find it easier to borrow, too, since richer transaction data should mean more sophisticated credit checks.
交易量多少对比，少的省去很多审查时间，就会更易贷款，丰富的交易就更难。
8.Such concerns are legitimate but also,argue fintech supporters, offer a convenient excuse for banksto block competition.
argue fintech supporters在这里是倒装，与said sb.形式相同。
9.Familiarity, huge customer bases and low funding costs are all attributes entrants want to gain by association.
entrants want to …是all attributes的定语，译为：熟悉的关系，大量顾客基础和低集资成本是竞争者（企业）想通过协会得到的所有因素。
补充：
北欧金融科技爆发的秘密
The secrets of Nordic fintech boost
http://www.weiyangx.com/176521.html
Fintech时代来临：金融科技VS传统银行
http://bank.hexun.com/2017-01-13/187734502.html
支付服务指令II（PSD II）：欧盟金融业新规意味着什么
http://www.jiemian.com/article/560856.html
商业银行转型之路-区块链金融战略核武到来
http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/n9_pKfNALkRFCjgcTq0V0Q
Day 5：
思维导图+神句练习
1.New European payments regulation has the potential to shake up the banks.
新的欧洲支付法规有可能对银行有很大的冲击。
Shake up一般指带来重大改变,Gambitionis shaking up the way we study/Technology is shaking up every industry that we can conceive of.
2.European rules will open the door to a host of innovative services that analyze transactions.
欧洲法规将会为分析交易的一系列创新服务敞开大门。
欧洲法规将给交易分析相关的创新服务带来更多机遇。
to give someone new opportunities (sometimes + for )Thesuccess of that film opened new doors for him.(sometimes + to )Earlyresults show that the new system would open doors to disadvantaged people.
3.Customers need barely ever interact with their bank.
客户几乎不需要通过银行。
4.European retail banking has been remarkably unscathed by technology-driven disruption.
技术驱动带来的平衡破坏对欧洲零售银行来说基本没有影响。
技术带来的变革对欧洲零售银行业产生的影响微乎其微。
欧洲零售银行业几乎并没有受到技术变革的影响。
两句一个意思，第二句形式上更吻合原句，但第一句通过化被动为主动，突出了核心信息remarkably unscathed几乎毫发无伤。所以，翻译并没有完美的答案，只能无限接近而已~
另外,disruption真的是时下太过火爆的热词，比较普遍的译法是：颠覆。现在各行各业都在经历巨变，上个月笃师做了一个人力资源相关会议，当中就提到某五百强大公司人力资源部门的发展目标即三年内裁员15%，为何？新技术如AI（Artificial Intelligence人工智能）正在颠覆传统HR(Human Resources人力资源）行业，匹配人选，员工培训，薪酬制定等具体工作都可以借助技术高效完成，从而极大程度减少人员介入，好吧，听讲的都是该公司HR部门的员工，他们会不会有如坐针毡之感？？21世纪，没有一劳永逸的铁饭碗，终身学习才是王道鹅~~~
Retail banking, also known as consumer banking, is the provision of services by a bank to individual consumers, rather than to companies, corporations or other banks.Services offered include savings and transactional accounts,mortgages,personal loans,debit cards, and credit cards.The term is generally used to distinguish these banking services from investment banking，commercial banking or whole sale banking.It may also be usedto refer to a division or department of a bank dealing with retail customers.
5.Fintech companies are beginning to mount a challenge, most conspicuously in the online-payments industry in northern Europe. But their reach is more limited elsewhere in Europe.
金融科技公司正开始面临挑战，大多来自于北欧的在线支付行业。但是他们的影响力在欧洲其他地区都很小。
互联网金融公司已经开始发起挑战，尤其是在北欧线上支付领域。但对欧洲其他地区的影响则要小得多。
mount a challenge，记住这个常见搭配，表达的意思就是发起挑战，构成威胁。我要提醒大家的是最后那里的reach,用作名词时候和influence一个意思,用来表达影响的范围，简短好用，建议化作积极储备。Eg.Victory is now out of her reach. /The company has now overtaken IBM in terms ofsize and reach./Such matters are beyond the reach of the law.
6.Regulators,however, are about to transform the landscape.
然而执行机构准备改变这种格局。
然而，监管部门即将改变这一现状。
landscape原意是风景，景色，地貌，此处也是暗喻的用法，衍生为局面，局势。所以哦，衍生意思和原意都有一定联系，大家稍加联想，便不难理解哦。这种用法非常非常普遍，建议内化。Recent electoral shocks have shaken the European political landscape.最近的选举风波震动了欧洲政坛。
7.Banks’ lockhold on payments serves as a handy source of income.
银行一直依赖于支付服务并将其作为收入的最容易的来源。
牢牢把控支付领域使得银行轻而易举就能赚钱。
lockhold难住了很多同学，这种用法很少见，大家作为被动词汇即可。lock锁住，hold紧握，加在一起就是牢牢把控的意思，同样需要大家联想体会哦。倒是后面的handy这一形容词值得重视，表示就在手边，方便容易，唾手可得，联想它的原形hand好好体会一下。Eg. Always keep a first-aid kit handy.跟前要常备急救箱/handy little tool好用小工具
8.Resistance is manifested as a concern about data protection.Such concerns are legitimate but also, argue fintech supporters,offer a convenient excuse for banks to block competition.
对数据保护的担忧成为了阻力，如此的担忧完全合乎情理，但金融科技的支持者认为这为银行封锁竞争提供了合理的借口。
抗拒源自对数据保护的担忧，这是合情合理的。但互联网金融的支持者们认为，这也是银行抵制竞争的绝佳借口。
9.Yet for all their complaints, customers still trust banks with their money.
尽管他们怨言很多，客户依然对把钱放在银行是放心的。
尽管客户怨声载道，但他们依然更信任把钱放在银行。
For all表示尽管，虽然，等于despite.Eg. For all its clarity of style, thebook is not easy to read.
神词组:
become overdrawn:透支
nudge them to save more：鼓励他们存款 鼓励他们增加储蓄，nudge有没有很眼熟？
have easy access to:轻松可通过 便于……
kick-start competition:引发竞争
give explicit consent：明确同意
one-click bank transfer:一键转帐
low-value payments:低额支付 小额支付
tighten up security:加强安全
guide them toward:引导他们…
rich data:丰富的数据
leave them in a weaker position:使他们处于不利地位
robust data-protection system:牢固的数据保护系统 强大的数据保护系统
insured against losses from fraud:投保以防欺诈造成的损失
perfect on paper:很靠谱 理论完美！暗示实际操作起来可能困难重重。
team up with:与….合作
exploit newcomers’ technology:利用后来者的技术
Day 6：
总结反思
一.文章概述
文章从英国人对银行的抱怨引出了创新支付服务为人们提供便捷，也由此引出金融科技企业的出现对传统银行业的冲击，并将两者进行比较。就文章而言，传统银行业多年扎实的基础，多年基石的传统银行有忠诚的客户，客户账户及交易数据资料，还有对数据资料的易得性，初创金融科技公司是不能与之比较的。当然金融科技所带来的技术革命也是传统银行不可比拟的，金融科技公司有利于消费者的消费建议和对储蓄和贷款的指南。而两者各有千秋，于是监管部门为改善这种格局则打算出台PSD2新规，强制性引发竞争，只要客户明确同意的情况下，银行也就不得不与金融科技公司共享客户账户交易资料。因此客户的利益将实现最大化，金融科技公司的技术可以利用起来，银行的资料也能灵活利用起来。虽然若执行PSD之后，金融科技公司可以建立与客户的信任，拥有强大的客户基础以及低融资成本，不过，对于金融科技公司也有麻烦之处，由于其初创和新兴，数据保护系统令人担忧，于是金融科技公司也就不得不对各个机构和保险公司进行说服工作。虽说PSD2在理论上是可行的，但实践起来就怕银行为保全自己的最大利益而延迟共享资料或使它们无法使用。对此，监管部门也有其对策，就是严令禁止银行违法限制消费者的在线业务活动。最后，作者对金融科技公司与传统银行的合作还是对抗提出疑问。
二.总结反思
fintech企业与传统银行之间看似几百字的较劲博弈，实际上都作为企业，也就俗话所说“天下熙熙，皆为利来；天下攘攘，皆为利往。”。
对于作者最后的疑问，就我一个学人力的门外汉看来，今后金融科技公司和银行一定会是合作关系，在这方面成熟的中国市场百度、阿里巴巴等等都是很好的例子。如今，支付、保险、借贷、甚至是零售银行和房屋中介等，金融科技几乎正在被应用到金融领域的各方各面。随着传统银行逐步向互联网交易型银行转型Fintech时代的来临，金融科技企业为银行搭建基于云技术的互联网交易型平台。PSD2法规是恰当的时间提出的，在当今互联网+时代下，各行各业的边界逐渐模糊，金融服务必将嵌入各类交易，传统银行也必将深化与各行业的合作，包括金融科技，才能构建灵活、开放的互联网交易型平台生态，这是大时代趋势下必然的结果。
这是第二次topic了，整整三天来说，相较topic1的笔记花费时间缩短了，大概是因为有了topic1 的基础，现在精读起来开始比较得心应手了，对于句型单词的理解也越来越顺利。特别在思维导图的构建方面更加有思路了，当然也有文章作为对比类文章的原因，在读懂文章之后，金融科技公司和传统银行的对比看起来就显得一目了然。涉及到了金融方面的知识也多亏了精读班里的金融大神将这些背景知识分享给我们，才能对文章更好地理解，尤其要提到的就是“dumb pipe”的含义。虽然整体挺顺利，不过开始的时候也是一脸懵逼状态啊，想想最开始看到这篇文章标题就看不懂，也是在查了Google之后自动弹出level the playing field才能引申出level the paying field的含义。总的来说，知识储备越来越丰富啦~谢谢笃师June，谢谢班级里的大神，真心的，在这个大班级中，每天能看到大家互相提问解答并且答疑解惑，真的学到了很多。THANKS! （加粗的❤）
Second Topic! Done！
