Summary
安妮讲解
1
go back to
We go way back.
我们是很多年的老朋友。
2
have twice the weightof something
3
form a theory toexplain what is going on
词汇量丰富，高端词汇的记忆
4
pick holes in the argument
挑错误
5
bounce back off thepaper-thin foil
6
all the more
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Higgs particle
Higgs boson
On 4 July 2012, theATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider announced they hadeach observed a new particle in the mass region around 126 GeV. This particleis consistent with the Higgs boson predicted by the Standard Model. The Higgsboson, as proposed within the Standard Model, is the simplest manifestation ofthe Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism. Other types of Higgs bosons are predicted byother theories that go beyond the Standard Model.
On 8 October 2013 theNobel prize in physics (link is external) was awarded jointly to FrançoisEnglert and Peter Higgs "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism thatcontributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles,and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predictedfundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large HadronCollider."
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Future discoveries willcontinue to amaze.
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Writing materials
背诵第一自然段，Introduction
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本人的精读班主要是为了写作班积累素材，因此第一段要背。其次是学习和积累地道表达，让自己的文章更有逻辑。安妮的逻辑导图整理得非常好，逻辑框架很清晰，因此去手画了一遍。不说了，背书去了。
以下内容为前2天整理笔记
1
perpetual
adj.（形容词）
lasting foreternity.
永远的：永远持续的
Aperpetual malaria reigns in this region.
2
carryout
toput into execution
weshould carry out a scientific research to solve the problem.
3
particle
n.Abbr.part.（名词）缩写part.
A very small pieceor part; a tiny portion or speck.
微粒：非常小的块或部分；一小份儿或一小点儿
Difference Between Particleand Molecule
Particle
Particleis a general term. Depending on where we use it, we can define it. Generallyparticle is an object with a mass and a volume, and it should have otherphysical properties also. It is a small, localized object too. Often werepresent a particle with a dot and its movement is random. Whether we can callan object a particle depends on the size. For example, in a solution where lotsof molecules are dissolved in, we can say one molecule as a particle. Particletheory explains about particles as follows.
•Matter is made up of tiny particles.
•These particles in matter are held together by strong forces.
•Particles in matter are in constant motion.
•Temperature affects the speed of particles. For example, in higher temperature,particle movement is higher.
•In matter, there are large spaces between particles. Compared to these spaces,particles are very small.
•Particles in a substance are unique, and it differs from the particles inanother substance.
Sometimesparticles can be further divided into sub particles. For example, we considermolecules as particles at some point. A molecule is made up of atoms, and theycan be considered as particles. There are sub atomic particles in an atom. Onesub atomic particle can also be divided into more particles. Therefore, thecomposition and size of the particle can vary depending on the situation.
Molecule
Moleculesare made up by chemically bonding two or more atoms of the same element (e.g. O2,N2) or different elements (H2O, NH3).Molecules do not have charge, and the atoms are bonded by the covalent bonds.Molecules can be very large (hemoglobin) or very small (H2),depending on the number of atoms that are connected. The type and number ofatoms in a molecule are shown by the molecular formula. The simplest integerratio of atoms present in a molecule is given by the empirical formula. Forexample, C6H12O6is the molecular formula of glucose,and CH2O is the empirical formula. Molecular mass is the masscalculated considering the total number of atoms given in the molecularformula. Each molecule has its own geometry. The atoms in a molecule arearranged in the most stable manner with specific bond angle and bond lengths,to minimize the repulsions and straining-forces.
4
phlogiston
n.（名词）
A hypotheticalsubstance formerly thought to be a volatile constituent of all combustiblesubstances released as flame in combustion.
燃素，热素：原来假设的在所有燃烧物质中挥发性的一种物质成分，在燃烧中作为火焰而被释放出来
Athing was inflammable if it contained phlogiston.
5
vacuum
n.（名词）
Absence of matter.
真空：没有东西
Thevacuum system consists of vacuum pumps, vacuum pipelines, vacuum valves andvacuum measurers.
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Thalesof Miletus
Theancient Greek philosopher Thales was born in Miletus in Greek Ionia. Aristotle,the major source for Thales's philosophy and science, identified Thales as thefirst person to investigate the basic principles, the question of theoriginating substances of matter and, therefore, asthe founder of the school of natural philosophy.Thales was interested in almost everything, investigating almost all areas ofknowledge, philosophy, history, science, mathematics, engineering, geography,and politics. He proposed theories to explain many of the events of nature, theprimary substance, the support of the earth, and the cause of change. Thaleswas much involved in the problems of astronomy and provided a number ofexplanations of cosmological events which traditionally involved supernaturalentities. His questioning approach to the understanding of heavenly phenomenawas the beginning of Greek astronomy. Thales' hypotheses were new and bold, andin freeing phenomena from godly intervention, he paved the way towards scientificendeavor. He founded the Milesian school of natural philosophy, developed thescientific method, and initiated the first western enlightenment. A number ofanecdotes is closely connected to Thales' investigations of the cosmos. Whenconsidered in association with his hypotheses they take on added meaning andare most enlightening. Thales was highly esteemed in ancient times, and aletter cited by Diogenes Laertius, and purporting to be from Anaximenes toPythagoras, advised that all our discourse should begin with a reference toThales (D.L. II.4).
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fourfold
adj.四倍的;四重的;有四部分的
Heacted illegitimately when he increased the rent fourfold.
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supernova
n.（名词）
A rare celestialphenomenon involving the explosion of most of the material in a star, resultingin an extremely bright, short-lived object that emits vast amounts of energy.
超新星：一种罕见的天文现象，表现为一恒星中的绝大部分物质爆炸后，产生能放射极大能量的极为明亮而存在时间极短的物体
So both thesupernova trigger and the sequentialformation process may have been at workthere.
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caliphate
n.（名词）
The office orjurisdiction of a caliph.
哈里发组织：哈里发的政府机关或司法机关
Whatis the Caliphate?
MostWesterners have only the dimmest idea of what the Islamic State of Iraq andGreater Syria (ISIS) claims to have set up on the desert flats and cities itcontrols.
Justwhat is the Caliphate?
Atits most basic, the Caliphate is how Muslims organized themselves for centuriesafter the death of the Prophet Mohammed. In life, Mohammed led the faith thatMuslims believe he channeled directly from God, serving as both religious leaderand temporal ruler of the legions drawn to his teachings.
Butwhen the Prophet died in 632 A.D., he left no heir, and the search was on for asuccessor—which is whatcaliphmeans. The caliphate (orsuccession) is what he rules, the governing body that claims dominion over allbelievers.
Thecompetition for caliph would split the faith. After Mohammed died, some thoughthis favorite son-in-law, Ali, should serve. A supporter of Ali was rendered asShiaat Ali, which became“Shia.”
Otherssaid the caliph should be drawn from those who were especially close to theProphet, and followed his teachings and example, or Sunnah. They formed Islam'sSunni tradition.
Shiitesstopped selecting caliphs fairly early on, but in the dominant Sunni tradition,the office held ultimate religious and political authority. The combined powersheld together empires based wherever the Caliph chose: Baghdad, Damascus or,finally, Istanbul, from which Ottoman sultans governed an empire stretchingacross three continents for more than 500 years.
Butthe Ottoman Empire collapsed in World War I, and its remaining land was dividedup into the form preferred by the European victors: nation-states. And as ithappened, perhaps the most emphatic nation-state in the world, the Republic ofTurkey, emerged on its own in the Anatolian peninsula that had been the heartof the empire. Its founder, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, viewed Islam as a rival tothe power of the secular state, and literallypacked the last caliph out of townon the Orient Express—AbdulmecidEfendi, an urbane scholar who by some accounts was reading the essays ofMontaigne when the police came for him. He retired to Paris and Nice.
Decadespassed, and the West largely forgot that there ever was a caliphate. ButMuslims did not. The Muslim Brotherhood was founded in Egypt in 1928 on thedesire to re-establish it. Other groups followed, all of them radical in thesense that they sought to upend the world order by ending what one scholarcalled "the division of Muslim lands into measly pieces which callthemselves nations.”
Butmany moderate Muslims like the idea as well. Some cite the dysfunction of theArab world as defined by colonial borders, especially compared to Ottomantimes. Others note that Catholics have their pope. "The concept of thecaliphate is very much alive in the collective memory of society," aTurkish author, Ali Bulac,once told me. "There is absolutely nothing to keep Muslimsociety together at the moment."
Dignity,or its loss, plays a significant role. Osama bin Laden called the attacks of9/11 "a very small thing compared to this humiliation and contempt formore than 80 years," counting from the 1924 elimination of the caliphate.And inits statementasserting a restored caliphate on thelands it holds between Syria and Iraq, ISIS appealed to “generations that weredrowning in oceans of disgrace, being nursed on the milk of humiliation.”
Evenbefore the caliphate was officially declared June 29, ISIS, which uses social mediamasterfully, promoted the Twitter hashtag #sykespicotover. (Mark Sykes andGeorges Picot being, as Arabs know only too well, the British and Frenchofficials whosecretly
dividedup the MiddleEast in the waning days of WWI.) ISIS supporters also gleefully posted videosof captured earth movers breaching the berm separating Syria and Iraq.
Butthe group is radical in more ways than one. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the ISISfounder who now claims the mantle of the Prophet, calls for a war on the 10percent of the world’s Muslims who follow the Shia tradition. Hisfoundational screedcalls for his soldiers to “greedilydrink the blood” of non-believers.
"Thisis something that is characteristic of our time, to reestablish an ideologicalempire," a Turkish scholar named Serif Mardin once told me, a look ofdistaste crossing his face. "A sweet caliph of ancient times isoverwhelmed by this modern military idea. I mean, the caliph is supposed to bea nice guy.” That is one thing the new self-declared caliph does not appear tobe.
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ingenious
adj.（形容词）
Marked by inventiveskill and imagination.
灵巧的：拥有创造性天才和想象力的
Agifted writer, an ingenious politician, a penetrating thinker, he stood farabove the intellectual movement of which he become the leader.
11
astrolabe
n.（名词）
A medievalinstrument, now replaced by the sextant, that was once used to determine thealtitude of the sun or other celestial bodies.
星盘：一种中世纪的仪器，曾用来测量太阳或其它天体的高度，现在已被六分仪取代
Marinerswere also able to fix their latitude, by using an instrument called anastrolabe.
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dissection
n.（名词）
The act or aninstance of dissecting.
切割；解剖：解剖的过程或事例
A dissection ofyour argument shows several inconsistencies.
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exquisite
adj.（形容词）
characterized byintricate and beautiful design or execution:
精致的，精巧的：以复杂和漂亮的设计或执行为特征的：
Hesufferedexquisitepain.
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quash
v.tr.（及物动词）
To set aside orannul, especially by judicial action.
取消或废止，尤指通过司法行为
Putinhad to put on a show with lots of lights and dancing, but quash the gay factor.
15
alchemy
n.（名词）
A medieval chemicalphilosophy having as its asserted aims the transmutation of base metals intogold, the discovery of the panacea, and the preparation of the elixir oflongevity.
炼金术，炼丹术：中世纪的一种化学学科，其声称的目标是将一些基本金属转变为金子，发现万灵药及制作长生不老丹
Alchemypaved the way for the modern science of chemistry.
16
combustion
n.Abbr.com.,comb.（名词）缩写
The process ofburning.
燃烧：燃烧的过程
Theyare commonly divided into continuous-combustion engines andintermittent-combustion engines.
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frog
n.（名词）
Any of numeroustailless, aquatic, semiaquatic, or terrestrial amphibians of the order Anuraand especially of the family Ranidae, characteristically having a smooth, moistskin, webbed feet, and long hind legs adapted for leaping.
蛙：一种无尾、水生、半水生或陆生两栖动物，属无尾目，尤属蛙科，以其光滑湿润的皮肤、蹼足和修长善跳的后腿为特征
18
chromosome
n.（名词）
A threadlike linearstrand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of animal and plant cellsthat carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditaryinformation.
染色体：动物细胞核和植物细胞中一条线状的DNA链和辅助蛋白，携带了传递遗传信息的基因和功能团
Absenceof one chromosome of a pair is called monosomy for that chromosome.
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sequence
v.tr.（及物动词）
1.To organize or arrange in a sequence.
安排顺序：按顺序组织或排列
Thedesign progress of this sequence generator starts with the listing of sequenceboth in decimal and binary.
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mammal
n.（名词）
Any of variouswarm-blooded vertebrate animals of the class Mammalia, including human beings,characterized by a covering of hair on the skin and, in the female,milk-producing mammary glands for nourishing the young.
哺乳动物：任一种包括人类在内的哺乳动物纲的温血脊椎动物，其特点是皮肤上有一层毛，雌性具有养育幼崽的能产生奶汁的乳腺
A whale is a kind of mammal.
