Summary
Chapter 5
Top Gun project is a pretty good recipe for training program in many different disciplines. In the project, they just set up a program that mimicked the situation in real dogfight, the pliots practice their skill over and over again with plenty of feedback.
Traditional approach on improve skill put emphasis on knowledge not on doing which is the effective way to improve skill in a job. The new approach first determine who are experts, than the experts design the practice and give feedback.Step by step, people who are practicing can develop mental representaion to get improved on skills.
Chapter 6
The most effective way to learn a new skill through deliberate practice in everyday life is to find a good teacher first. A good teacher can design exercises most suitable for you, give you immediate feedback and find out the best ways to fix all your weakness. As a result, you will develop your mental representation. When your are doing the exercise, maintaing close attention to every detail, conciously developing and refining your skill. As our enery is limited, we can shorter training session with clearer goal to develop the skill faster.
If you're developing skills without a teacher, you can follow this way: focus, feedback and fix. That is manufacture your own exercise, repeat to figure out your weakness and focus on how to get better.
Whe you reach plateaus, how to get past? To identify what holds you back first and design a practice to improve.
During this lonely deliberate practice journey, how to maitain motivation? Decrease inclination to stop and increase inclination to continue. The detailed ways of decrease inclination are setting aside a fixed time to concentrate to your goal, getting enough sleep and keeping healthy, limiting the length of the practice to an hour. To increase inclination, you can try to refine the skill that others show adimiration to you, have a belief that you can succeed and use soail motivation.
Thoughts
第五章探讨的是如何在工作中可以练习。相比较于枯燥上课的继续教育，实践练习才是最好提高工作技能的方式。具体来说就是先模拟真实的场景，在这个场景中不断练习，然后由该领域的专家进行反馈。这样才能不断纠错进步。这种方式的好处就是避免了以实际工作犯错而带来的代价。书中介绍的空军对训练就是用这个方法，试想，如果在战争中训练，伤亡多么惨重！
第六章介绍的是如何在日常生活中刻意练习，也就是从零开始学习一项技能。最快速有效的方式是找到一名优秀的老师并跟随他设计的练习认真的训练。因为老师知道怎样的路最合适你走，并且还能及时的为你提供反馈，不断修正并进步。当然，练习的时候也必须走心，就像第一章说的，不是练得时间久技术就一定好，一定是要找到自己的不足并且改进才有进步。
这一章中有关如何持续拥有动力的建议非常详细。在学习一项新技能，比如弹吉他时，我们总是幻想自己能像歌手一样在台上弹出美妙的曲子，可是实际在联系时却非常枯燥，每天就练那几个指法，当初的激情一点点被磨灭。作者的建议强化继续前行的理由和弱化停下脚步的理由。李笑来老师在他的专栏里曾经说过要让这个动机足够强，比如他当年为了当英语老师而背单词，因为要当老师赚钱，这些单词就被他换算成了金额，所以他每天背单词都充满了动力！而作者提到的强化分为个人的和社会的。就个人而言，当你练习到一定水平，比如吉他可以弹出一个和旋，你的朋友肯定会对你刮目相看，这种欣赏会成为你继续学习的动力，同时，你一定要相信自己，相信自己可以达到目标。而社会的动力，最好的就是找到一群和你志趣相投的朋友。当你们有同样的目的就会互相鼓励向前。就像我们现在的读书群。
弱化停下的脚步这个点比较新颖，有点反方向思考的意思。我们为什么会停下脚步？很多情况下是我们优先做了其他的事情，最后没有时间了，只能作罢。因此，我们最好在每天固定一个时间段，在这个时间段，切断一切干扰，比如关掉手机，逼自己完成任务才能做别的事情。这样久而久之可能就行成习惯坚持下来了。第二点就是养好精力，有充足的睡眠，保持一定的运动量。最后，将大目标切换成一个个小目标。一次练习最好不要超过1个小时，保证自己的精力及成就感。就比如看英文原版书和看读书笔记，可以先花一个小时看完书。休息一会儿，换个时间再写笔记。这样劳逸结合效率可能更高。
Words
1.make do
Given the expense of private instruction, people will often try to make do with group lessons or even YouTube videos or books, and those approaches will generally work to some degree
make do ( with/without/something) phrase
释义：to succeed in dealing with a situation by using what is available despite not having something
例：There wasn’t much food, but we made do.
2..zone out
Stroke, stroke, stroke, stroke, stroke, stroke, over and over again for hours on end; it’s hard not to get bored and just zone out, letting your mind wander far outside the pool.
释义：to stop paying attention because you are bored or tired, or because you have taken drugs:
例：What? Oh, sorry – I was just zoning out there for a minute
3.bottom line
The bottom line is what you are able to do, not what you know, although it is understandood that you need to know.
释义：the bottom line used to tell someone what the most important part of a situation is, or what the most important thing to consider is:
例：In radio, you have to keep the listener listening. That’s the bottom line.
造句：In deliberate practice, the bottom line is to do.
另外的两个意思都和做生意有关1. the profit or the amount of money that a business makes or loses/2.the least amount of money that you are willing to accept in a business deal
4.amass
If years of practice make physicians better, then the quality of care they give should increase as they amass more experience.
释义：if you amass money, knowledge, information etc, you gradually collect a large amount of it:
例子：For 25 years, Darwin amassed evidence to support his theories.
造句：Jack Ma amassed a fortune as China entered into the interner era.
5.catch
The catch was, of course, that the cost of that sort of on-the-job training was unacceptablely high.
释义：[countable usually singular] informal a hidden problem or difficulty:
例：This deal looks too good to be true – there must be a catch somewhere.
the catch is (that)
造句：The catch is that you can’t enter the competition unless you’ve spent $100 in the store.
6.in full swing
It was 1968, and the Vietnam was in full swing.
释义：at the most effective or highest level of operation or activity
例：The advertising campaign is already in full swing.
造句：This summer, an internet show The rap of China is in full swing
